理解王阳明致良知思想的三个向度——以《传习录·答顾东桥书》为中心

Three Dimensions of Expanding Conscience of Wang Yangming’s Thought:Focusing on A Letter from Wang Yangming to Gu Dongqiao

王阳明"致良知"的前提在于恢复"中和之德"."中和"源出《中庸》,"中和之德"就是人之"诚",是人之天性良知在心物之间的自然绽放,在行事之中的循理而为,只有中正平和的德性品质作为前提,才能为良知开显营造条件.三代社会之后人们受物欲和积习的牵累,逐渐丧失了这种"中正"的品质.致良知的方法在于格物致知,格物即事上工夫,致知即心物一体,达到融一的状态.王阳明认为,朱子之"理"是"外生"而非"内造",在现象界中难以使人真正行动起来,容易导致两种错误的倾向:向外探求天理使得"物欲"越来越重,向内探求"天理"又容易陷入禅学之中.应该内外一体,事上见性,以行动带动认识,泯灭心物之间的紧张.所以,致良知的关键还在于知行合一,在行动中体认本心良知,把"心"落实在"事"上,把"事之理"检验在心上,即知行合一是心物之间双向而一体的过程.

The premise of Wang Yangming’s“expand conscience”lies in the restoration of“Morality of Harmony”.“Harmony”originates from Moderation.It is a quality that everyone has.It is the natural blooming of man’s conscience between mind and object,according to the law of nature in the action.After Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties,due to the influence of people’s desire for material,people gradually lost the quality of“Harmony”.The way to restore conscience lies in“Gewu-Zhizhi”,“Gewu”is“action in matters”,“Zhizhi”is unity between heart and matter,and unity of knowing and doing.Wang Yangming believes that Zhu Xi’s“natural principle”wasn’t born inside but outside,So it is difficult to make people really act in real life,which easily leads to two kinds of wrong tendencies:To explore the“law of heaven”from the outside makes people indulge in“material desires”,and from the inside is easy to fall into Buddhism.We should unify the internal and external,people’s nature in dealing with things,drive understanding with actions,and eliminate the tension between the doing and things.Therefore,the key to the recovery of conscience lies in the unity of ethics and action,understanding conscience in action,and heart is dealing with things,handling things can test your heart.So the integration of morality and behavior is a bidirectional and integrated process.