唯物史观和马克思“抽象”理论方法的科学理解

Historical Materialism and Scientific Understanding of“the Abstract”in Marx’sTheory

在理解马克思如何对待抽象问题的立场上,萨林斯和刘森林提出,马克思批判“抽象理性”却未能完全克服,同时把马克思提倡的抽象指认是对黑格尔抽象的迎回,其实这是一种误解。实质上,马克思反对的只是形而上学的抽象,而主张唯物辩证法的抽象。唯物辩证法的抽象,首先是指一个客观事实,即人的历史活动即劳动——通过私有制(社会关系)的中介而发生分离并形成“抽象劳动”的历史范畴,这一范畴在内涵上是包含了劳动分离中的不断扬弃和丰富起来的历史关系的一种现实规定。而作为方法则是对这一客观范畴把握的主观认知,这种认知的逻辑是基于历史过程的扬弃关系来看待现实的,也就是认识现实社会事物必须把它当作历史结果并从过程存在的视野来揭示发展规律才能达到,即所谓“从抽象上升到具体”。抽象就是把这些包含了扬弃关系的现实作为真实起点,同时在思维结果上构建为揭示事物联系的简单范畴,并以此来揭示事物历史进程的规律并形成思维具体的概念方法,也是马克思所真正构建和坚持的抽象。

Since the beginning of the 21st century,the concept of protecting intangible cultural heritage advocated by UNESCO has received increasing attention.“Intangible cultural heritage protection”has rapidly changed from a rare concept into a cultural concept and social and cultural practice with great public influence.This study mainly takes Jianchuan Buzha’s intangible cultural heritage practice as an example,and uses Hobsbawm’s“invention tradition”and Featherstone’s“consumer culture”as two concepts,combining with materials from field study,to discuss the traditionalism and modernity in intangible cultural heritage practice and their internal relations.There are two aspects of the concept of traditionalism discussed in the current paper.In terms of the level of object,it refers to the imitation of antiquity in Buzha’s creation image and the borrowing of traditional culture.In terms of the level of human,it refers to the traditional-oriented actions of the actor.In the context of intangible cultural heritage,the reinvention of tradition does not mean the continuation,protection or revival of ancient customs.On the contrary,it marks tradition as a mode of modern cultural production.Therefore,tradition becomes not only accessible but also thinkable through modernity.