自然与民生:清代云南雹灾时空分布及其成因研究

Nature and Human Livelihood: Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Hail in Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty and Its Causes

清代云南雹灾记录较清以前更为频繁。从时间分布来看,雹灾具有周期性、季节性特点,年际变化大,清前期雹灾较少,清中后期雹灾多发;季节性变化明显,春夏季雹灾多发,秋冬较少。从空间分布来看,雹灾具有地域性、继发性、连带性特点,以滇中、滇西地区为多,滇东南、滇东北较少;滇西北、滇西南零星分布。从雹灾的成因来看,造成雹灾时空分布差异性的主要原因是孕灾环境、承灾体数量和类型各异,不同时期、不同地区、不同环境之下雹灾的致灾程度不同。从雹灾的应对来看,主要以官方为主,对于安抚民心、稳定社会、巩固统治具有重要作用。

The records of hail disasters in Yunnan across the Qing Dynasty were more frequent than before. From the view of time, the hail disasters happened periodically and seasonally and the interannual variation was large with a trend that hailstorms had been less in the early Qing Dynasty but becoming more toward the late period. The seasonal change is obvious. From the spatial view of point, hail disasters were regional, secondary and associate. Eastern Yunnan saw more such events while more such disasters happened more in central and central-west Yunnan than in the southeast and the northeast. Western Yunnan saw scattered distribution while sporadic hails were known. The main reasons for the above-mentioned spatiotemporal distributions lie at different hazard inducing environment, the number and type of the disaster-bearing body, and the damage of hail disasters in different periods, regions and environments. As response to the hail, the government takes major responsibility to appease the people, to stabilize the community, and to cement the regulation.