家庭监护对儿童生活保障类型的影响:一项政策比较研究

The Impact of Family Guardianship on the Pattern of Child Living Allowances:A Comparative Policy Analysis

近年来,我国儿童反贫困政策已经迅速从传统的补充家庭收入不足转向促进儿童能力发展。基于甲市J区民政部门七个街道的困境儿童入户调查,采用无序多分类logistic回归分析方法,从家庭监护的角度比较了新设项目儿童基本生活保障与既有项目最低生活保障。研究发现,家庭监护人构成或监护失当困境等级对两类政策都没有显著影响;监护困境类型和监护缺失困境等级只对低保具有显著影响,但对儿基保没有影响;经济贫困与儿童自身困境对两类政策的影响则截然相反。贫困程度越低,儿童更可能获得儿基保;病残困境程度越低,则儿童更可能获得低保。建议继续完善低保和儿基保政策以有效减少儿童物质贫困,同时加强政策实务部门与科研部门的合作,以更好识别家庭监护困境类型或程度等,降低儿童反贫困政策的实施难度。

In recent years,China has rapidly shifted its anti-poverty policies for children from traditionally subsiding family income to enhancing children's ability.Based on the household survey of vulnerable children from seven sub-districts in the civil affairs department of District J,City A,this paper compares the basic allowance for children in the new project with the existing subsistence allowance projects in the light of family monitoring using disordered multi-classification logistic regression analysis.It is found that neither the composition of family guardians nor the degree of malpractice of guardianship had significant influence on the two types of policies.Nevertheless,both the types of guardianship distress and the levels of guardianship deficiency had strong impact on the subsistence allowance and had barely any effect on the basic allowance for children.Economic poverty and children’s distress have opposite effects on both types of policies.The lower the level of poverty,the more likely children are to receive child allowance.The lower the severity of disability,the more likely the child is to receive welfare.It is suggested that we should continue to optimize policies of subsistence allowance and child insurance for effective alleviation of children’s material poverty,and encourage more cooperation of policy enforcement departments and scientific research departments.In this way we can better identify the types or degrees of family guardianship difficulties and make it easier for implementing anti-poverty policies for children.