马克思对国家和市民社会的批判逻辑——以《论犹太人问题》为中心

The Logic of Marx’s Critiques to the Political Country and Civil Society——Rereading On the Jewish Question

马克思与鲍威尔提出的解决犹太人问题的方案截然不同,根源在于他们对政治解放与人的解放关系有着不同的理解。鲍威尔认为实现政治解放就实现了人的解放。马克思指出政治解放还不是人的完全的解放,政治解放虽然使国家摆脱了宗教控制,但它无法解决人在市民社会生活中的异化问题。所以,马克思批判政治解放和完成了政治解放的国家,并进一步批判市民社会,指出解答犹太人问题的关键在于依靠无产阶级消除市民社会中的资本主义精神。《论犹太人问题》对马克思历史唯物主义和共产主义思想的形成具有奠基性的理论价值。

Marx’s and Powell’s standpoints on the issue of Jewish are entirely different,which is rooted in that they disagreed with each other on the relation between the political emancipation and human emancipation.Powell held an opinion that the realization of the political emancipation equals the realization of the human emancipation.However,Marx pointed out that although the political emancipation freed the country from religious control,it could not solve the problem of man’s alienation in the life of civil society,which means that the political emancipation doesn’t equal the human emancipation.Therefore,Marx criticized the political emancipation and the countries that completed political emancipation and further criticized the civil society,and put forward that the key to solving the Jewish question is to rely on the proletariat to eliminate the spirit of capitalism in civil society.On the Jewish Question is fundamentally of theoretical value for the formation of Marx’s historical materialism and communism.