德国保护地体系评述与借鉴

Evaluation and Reference of Protected Area System in Germany

德国保护地体系是沿袭历史逐步形成的。首先论述了德国保护地体系的法律基础,并对11类德国保护地的定义、现状和管理事权进行了解释。继而对德国保护地体系进行归纳总结:各类保护地由《联邦自然保护法》统筹、分级管理,以自然保护为核心目标;各类保护地地界交织现象广泛存在,从而实现更广泛的连接;关注文化与自然的融合,强调文化景观管理;各类保护地倾向不同功能,平衡保护与利用并合理发展可持续旅游;法治巩固本土特色的保护地。最后对我国的保护地体系进行相关思考:法定保护地须纳入国土空间规划;包容自然与文化景观的保护地可与"自然公园"相得益彰;对保护地的利用及管理需要通过统一规划实现。

The protected area system in Germany has been historically formed step by step. This paper begins with the legal basis of protected area system in Germany and explains eleven kinds of protected areas in terms of definition, conservation situation and administrative management. Moreover,summarization and evaluation on protected areas in Germany demonstrate as follows: all the protected areas are managed in line with Bundesnaturschutzgesetz in overall planning and level-by-level administration;the interaction among different protected areas is quite common, aiming to guarantee more general connections;concern on integration between cultural and natural elements underlines the management of cultural landscapes;each kind of protected area tends to differ in functions so as to balance the conservation and utilization as well as development of sustainable tourism;the protected areas that have special local meanings are supported legally. Last but not least, based on the reference of protected area system in Germany, the construction of the protected area system in China is discussed, and it is suggested that: legally confirmed protected areas need to be integrated to the territorial space planning;protected areas including natural and cultural landscapes can work hand in hand with "Natural Parks";the utilization and management of the protected areas should be carried out through general planning.