明代勋卫与散骑舍人的制度特性

The Institutional Character of Xunwei and Sanqisheren in the Ming Dynasty

明代的勋卫与散骑舍人是宫廷侍卫中的特殊成员。明初,勋卫、散骑舍人均从勋贵、都督、指挥等中高级将领的子弟中选任,并铨注于锦衣卫衙门,职在带刀随从帝王朝会。明中期之后,散骑舍人渐不授,而勋卫演变为勋爵应袭子孙例授之职,与勋爵承袭制度密切相关。至嘉靖、隆庆之际,朝廷尝试扩展部分勋卫的职权,但总体成效不显。勋卫、散骑舍人制度是明代多种国家制度的结合点,体现了明代军政体制中的贵族特征。

Xunwei(勋卫)and Sanqisheren(散骑舍人)were special members of the court guards in the Ming dynasty.At the beginning of the Ming dynasty,Xunwei and Sanqisheren were selected from children of middle and senior generals such as Meritorious Ministers(勋贵),Dudu(都督)and commanders(指挥官);they took positions in the government office of Jinyi Wei and served in the imperial court with swords.After the middle of the Ming dynasty,the official positions of Sanqisheren were gradually abolished,and Xunwei evolved into a post designated for the Meritorious Ministers’direct descendants,which was closely related to the Meritorious Ministers’inheritance system.During the Jiajing and Longqing period,the imperial court tried to expand the power of some Xunwei,but the effect was not significant.The system of Xunwei and Sanqisheren was the merging point of various state mechanisms in the Ming dynasty,which reflected the aristocratic characteristic of the military and political system of the Ming dynasty.