狗牙花属植物生物碱类成分及生物活性的研究进展

Research Progress on Alkaloids and Biological Activities of Ervatamia

夹竹桃科(Apocynaceae)狗牙花属(Ervatamia Stapf)植物中的化学成分以及其生物活性一直是研究热点。其在全世界有约120种,主要分布在印度、中国西南地区,东南亚、大洋洲、北美洲、南美洲部分地区以及各海岛;在我国主要有15种和5变种,主要分布在华南地区及西南地区和台湾。我国傣族将云南狗牙花茎用于治疗产后体虚、头晕目眩、恶露淋漓等症状。据《中国植物志》中记载,产于亚洲热带与亚热带地区的单瓣狗牙花,其叶有降低血压功效,常用于治眼病、疮疥、乳疮、咬伤等;根可治头痛和骨折等。生物碱是狗牙花属植物中的主要化学成分,具有新颖的化学结构。现代药理学研究发现,狗牙花属植物中生物碱类成分具有抗肿瘤和抗乙酰胆碱脂酶等生物活性,其中抗肿瘤活性最为显著。因此狗牙花属植物具有很好的开发价值。但是,科研人员对狗牙花属植物生物碱类成分的研究仅限于发现与生物活性的测定,临床功效的研究较少。笔者结合近20年来的国内外文献对该属植物中149个生物碱进行总结,为进一步研究具有显著活性的生物碱类化学成分,合理充分利用狗牙花属植物的药用资源提供有价值的参考。

The chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus Ervatamia Stapf.(Apocynaceae)have always been the research hotspots.There are about 120 species in the world and they are mainly distributed in India,southwestern China,Southeast Asia,Oceania,North America,parts of South America and various islands.Besides,there are 15 species and 5 varieties in China and they are mainly distributed in South China,Southwest China and Taiwan province.The Dai minority has a tradition use of the stems of Ervatamia yunnanensis to treat postpartum asthenia,dizziness,lochia and other symptoms.According to the"Chinese Flora",the leaves of E.divaricata produced in tropical and subtropical Asia can be used medicinally for lowering blood pressure.They have been often used to cure eye diseases,scabs,breast sores,and bites injuries of epileptic dog.The roots have been often used to cure headache and fracture etc.Alkaloids are the main chemical constituents of Ervatamia plants with novel chemical structures.Modern pharmacological studies showed that alkaloids in the plants have antitumor activity,acetylcholinesterase activity and so on.Antitumor activity is the most significant.Therefore,the plants have a pretty good development value.However,the researches on Alkaloids in Ervatamia plants are limited to their discovery and determination of biological activities,and there are few studies on clinical efficacy.In this paper,149 alkaloids in this genus were summarized based on domestic and foreign literatures in the past 20 years,which provided valuable references for further researches on the chemical constituents of alkaloids with significant activities,rational and full utilization of medicinal resources of the genus Ervatamia.