论中国宪法的实施机制

On the Implementation Mechanism of the Constitution of China

从行政公法与刑事公法形成的历史动因来看,公法与私法的区分并非基于某种抽象的学说,而是基于特定的司法裁判程序设置以后审判实践之需要,法律程序在相当程度上形塑了法律规范的内容。宪法规范的调整范围涵括了公法与私法两大领域。代议机关的“立法程序”、行政机关的“肯定性行动”、特定机构的“宪法审查”等公法程序,构成了宪法实施的“公法机制”类型。“物权法”相关条款承接与转换宪法上的“国家所有权”条款,构成了宪法的私法实施条款。此外,司法机关在民事案件审理中的“合宪性推定”、“合宪性解释”,亦得构成宪法实施的另外一种“私法机制”。不过,宪法条款经由公权部门之适用介入私权领域和私法体系时,在侵权案件中还需遵循“私法规范优先适用”原则,在公权介入时还需遵循“比例原则”与“辅助性原则”。

When we observe the historical causes of the formation of the public administrative law and the public criminal law, the distinction between public law and private law is not based on some abstract theory, but on the need of trial practice after the establishment of specific judicial procedures. Legal procedures shape the content of legal norms at a considerable extent, and the Constitutional norms adjust two fields: public law and private law. The "Legislative procedure" of the Representative branch, the "Affirmative Action" of the Executive branch, the "Constitutional Review" of the specific Agencies and other public law procedures constitute the type of "public law mechanism" for the implementation of the Constitution. The related articles of "property law" transform the articles of "state ownership" in the Constitution, which make up the implementation clauses of the Constitution’s private law. In addition, the "Presumption of Constitutionality" and "Constitutional Interpretation" of the Judicial branches in the trial of civil cases may also constitute another "private law mechanism" for the implementation of the Constitution. However, when the provisions of the Constitution intervene in the field of private rights through the enforcement of the Authorities, the principle of "private law norms shall prevail" should be followed in cases of infringement, while in cases when authorities intervene, "principle of proportionality" and "subsidiarity principle" should be followed.