从一国社会主义到中国改革开放

From Socialism in One Country to Reform and Opening-up in China

马克思主义创始人考察了人类社会发展的历史,论证了资本主义发达的高度将是社会主义的基础,因而设想,社会主义将会在英、法、德、美等先进资本主义国家最先建立。历史的发展和革命运动的实际却是尚未完成民主主义革命任务、相对落后的俄国,率先建立了社会主义国家。这样,第一次世界大战催生的俄国社会发展顺序的颠倒,就把世界社会主义运动聚焦到怎样建设社会主义国家。斯大林体制的一国社会主义,是特定时代条件下,斯大林将马克思主义应用于俄国实际所建立的社会主义。斯大林宣布苏联已建成完全的社会主义社会,其实只是完成了民主主义革命遗留的历史任务。完成这一历史任务成为斯大林体制的历史负荷。第二次世界大战后建立的社会主义国家,基本上也是民主主义革命任务尚未完成的相对落后的国家。历史的共性是斯大林体制被当作社会主义共同模式的时代条件。世界各社会主义国家共有的、越"左"越革命的幼稚病,是小生产占优势国家背负的、改革斯大林体制的沉重历史包袱。中国改革开放,建设中国特色社会主义,终于为相对落后国家在完成民主主义革命遗留历史任务之后,搞清楚什么是社会主义,从而开创了建设社会主义国家的新时代。

The founders of Marxism conceived that socialism would be first established in advanced capitalist countries. However, the fact of historical development and revolutionary movements was that the socialist state was first established in the backward Russia. Therefore, the reversal of Russian social development sequences expedited by World War Ⅰ led the focus of world socialist movement on how to construct a socialist state. One-country socialism of the Stalin system is Stalin’s adaption of Marxism to socialism actually established in Russia under conditions of a special era. Soviet Union’s accomplishment of a socialist society announced by Stalin was actually an achievement that fulfilled the leftover mission of the democratic revolution. Socialist states established after World War Ⅱ were mostly also comparatively lagged behind countries that had not accomplished the mission of democratic revolution. The historical similarity is the temporal condition that the Stalin system was deemed as the common model of socialism. The infantile disorder of the further "left" the more revolutionary common to all socialist states in the world was a heavy historical burden on countries feature in small scale productions to reform the Stalin system. China’s reform and opening-up and its construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics finally clarifies what socialism is for relatively backward countries after accomplishing leftover historical missions of democratic revolution. Therefore, the new era to build socialist state is introduced.