葛兰西对克罗齐国家理论的批判与超越比较视野中的犯罪行为——兼论犯罪行为学的诞生

Gramsci's Criticism and Transcendence of Croce's Theory of the State

葛兰西的“完整国家”理论实现了对克罗齐“伦理国家”理论的批判与超越。实践哲学强调政治实践,超越了处于思辨层面的伦理政治史观;“完整国家”将市民社会和政治社会相结合,突出个人的作用,超越了“伦理国家”忽视人的活动和把国家完全机构化的缺陷;“阵地战”将组织系统、工业系统纳入整个战争,实现政治、经济和军事的一体化,超越了“消极革命”的不现实性。葛兰西和克罗齐关于建立文化国家的构想,实现了国家理论研究的意识形态转向,对西方马克思主义的发展产生了重要影响。

Gramsci's“complete state”theory criticizes and transcends Croce's“ethical state”theory.Practical philosophy emphasizes political practice and transcends the ethical and political history at the speculative level.The“complete state”combines civil society and political society,highlighting the role of individuals,transcending the“ethical state”,ignoring human activities and fully institutionalizing the state.The“position war”incorporates the organizational system and the industrial system into the entire war,and achieves political,economic,and military integration,surpassing the unrealistic nature of the“negative revolution.”Gramsci and Croce's ideas on the establishment of a cultural state realize the ideological turn of national theoretical research and have an important impact on the development of Western Marxism.