冰冻圈水文学:解密地球最大淡水库

Cryospheric Hydrology:Decode the Largest Freshwater Reservoir on Earth

冰冻圈水体以固态存在,固态水融化后在流域、区域乃至全球尺度上影响水文、水资源和水循环。文章从水文学视角,重点从冰冻圈水文功能、融水径流过程及其影响、冰冻圈水文生态与环境效应等方面介绍冰冻圈水文研究的内容和最新进展。冰冻圈水文功能主要表现在水源涵养、径流补给、水资源调节3个方面。在气候变暖的背景下,冰冻圈水文过程已经发生了显著变化,冰川消融期提前,冰川融水径流增多;融雪期提前,多年冻土退化导致冬季径流增加,对流域径流的年内调节能力增加。预估未来气候变化情景下,冰川融水持续减少,其变化对我国西北地区的水资源管理带来更大挑战。冰冻圈水文过程变化也对寒区生态系统和生态工程、洪水灾害及可持续发展、乃至地缘政治有重要影响。

The cryosphere is solid reservoir,and the meltwater of cryosphere affects hydrology,water resource,and water cycles in the watershed,regional,even global scale.The article reviewed on the current research results on the hydrological function,hydrological processes of meltwater and runoff and their effect,the impact on ecosystem and environment of cryosphere from hydrology view.The hydrological function mainly includes the water conservation,runoff supply,and regulation on water resource.The hydrological processes have significantly changed under the background of climate change,the onset of glacier melting period starts earlier and the volume of melting water has increased,and the snow melting period starts earlier,the permafrost degradation has led to winter runoff increasing,which increases the regulation function of watershed runoff.The projected glacier meltwater will continuingly decrease under the future climate change,which will bring greater challenge on the water resource management of Northwest China.The changes in hydrological process of cryosphere also have important impact on the ecosystem and ecological engineering,flood hazard and sustainability,and geopolitics in cold regions.