东北稻区水稻收获秸秆处理方式综合效果研究

Comprehensive Effect of Rice Harvesting Straw Treatment Methods in Northeast Rice Region

为了研究水稻收获秸秆处理方式对东北稻区秸秆还田效果、耕整地质量、水稻生长和产量的影响,以及进行收益综合评价,本文根据秸秆还田的农艺要求,结合不同秸秆处理机具,设置了3种秸秆处理方式:收获时粉碎抛撒(CK,联合收获机自带粉碎抛撒装置)、收获后秸秆处理1(T1,联合收获机自带粉碎抛撒装置+收获后二次抛撒)、收获后秸秆处理2(T2,联合收获机不带粉碎抛撒装置+收获后粉碎抛撒),进行了秸秆还田对比试验。结果表明,3种秸秆处理方式均能实现秸秆全量还田,能够保证正常的田间机具作业和水稻生长。其中,T2的综合效果最优,能实现较好的秸秆粉碎抛撒效果和秸秆掩埋效果,有较高的水稻地上部生物量及产量。在秸秆粉碎抛撒质量方面,T2与CK、T1相比,其秸秆粉碎平均长度及秸秆粉碎长度合格率均有显著性差异,均优于CK、T1;秸秆抛撒均匀程度显著优于CK,与T1无显著性差异。在后期耕整地质量方面,T2与CK相比,其地表以下和8 cm深度以下的植被覆盖率均有显著性差异,均优于CK;T2与T1相比,其地表以下植被覆盖率有显著性差异,8 cm深度以下植被覆盖率无显著性差异。在水稻生长及产量方面,T1和T2处理的产量较CK分别提高1.5%和4.4%,且T2与CK达到显著性差异。本研究结果可为东北稻区水稻秸秆处理方式及配套机具的选择提供理论参考。

In order to clarify the effects of straw treatment on the quality of straw returning,tillage preparation,rice growth and yield in Northeast rice region,and conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the benefits,three straw treatment methods were set according to the agronomic requirements of straw returning and different straw treatment equipments. Specifically,three methods were as follows: chopping and spreading at harvesting( CK,combine harvester with chopper cum spreader device),straw treatment 1 after harvesting( T1,combine harvester with chopper cum spreader device + secondary spread),straw treatment 2 after harvesting( T2,combine harvester without chopper cum spreader device + chopping and spreading after harvesting). The experiment monitored the effects of different straw treatment methods on the quality of straw chopping and spreading,the quality of land preparation,the growth of rice and the yield. The experiments showed that all three straw treatment methods could achieve full amount straw returning,which could ensure normal field machinery operation and rice growth. Among them,T2 had the best comprehensive effect,which could achieve better straw chopping and spreading effect,straw burying effect,higher aboveground biomass and yield of rice. In terms of straw chopping and spreading quality,compared with CK and T1,T2 had significant differences in average straw chopping length,qualified rate of straw chopping length,and residue height. Although the unevenness of straw spreading was higher than that of T1,there was no significant difference. In terms of land preparation quality in the subsequent period,compared with CK,the vegetation coverage of T2 below the surface and below 8 cm was significantly different,which was better than CK. Compared with T1,there was a significant difference in vegetation coverage below the surface,while there was no significant difference in vegetation coverage below 8 cm. In terms of rice growth and yield,the yield of T1 and T2 treatment was 1. 5% and4. 4% higher than that of CK,respectively,and the difference of T2 treatment reached a significant level. This study provided a theoretical basis for the selection of rice straw harvesting treatment methods and supporting equipment in Northeast rice region.