哈尔滨市主城区河流污染物入河量初步估算与来源分析

Origins and Estimation of the Pollutants in Main Rivers in Urban Area of Harbin

【目的】了解哈尔滨市主城区河流污染物来源结构组成及污染特征。【方法】以典型河流马家沟、何家沟、运粮河及发生渠为研究对象,根据地理位置、水文特征和经济发展状况将其划分为控制单元;利用源强系数法估算目标污染物化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的年排放量;在考虑空间结构特征对污染物入河过程影响的基础上,利用入河系数初步估算污染物的入河量;并应用Monte Carlo模拟方法,分析了入河量估算的不确定性以及各环境主控因子的敏感性。【结果】研究区域COD、TN和TP的年排放总量分别为5 857.96、2 479.62和340.96 t,其年入河总量分别为2 331.97、624.00和64.50 t;COD、TN和TP年入河量与监测数据均显著相关(p<0.01);污染物的空间分布呈现城郊地区>农村地区>城市地区的特征(p<0.05);农村生活源和农田面源是研究区域河流污染物的主要来源,其贡献率分别为49%和31%。【结论】哈尔滨市主城区河流污染主要集中在城郊地区,污染物主要来自农村生活源和农田面源,该区域河流污染治理的工作重点应主要集中于农村生活及生产的控源减排。

【Objective】This paper aims to estimate the pollutants and their origins in the rivers flowing through the main urban area of Harbin.【Method】There are four main rivers:Majia River,Hejia River,Yunliang River and Fasheng River across the urban area.Each river was divided into a number of control units based on their locations,hydrology,and regional economic development;we estimated COD,total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorous(TP)in each unit using the source strength coefficient method.The pollutants entering the rivers were estimated by river influx coefficient based on the impact of the locations where the pollutants entered the river;Monte Carlo simulations were used to analyze the uncertainty of the estimation and its sensitivity to each parameter.【Result】The total annual discharge of COD,TN and TP in the rivers were 5857.96,2479.62 and 340.96 t respectively,and their associated load to river pollution was 2331.97,624.00 and 64.50 t,respectively.The annual pollution load of COD,TN and TP was correlated with the measured data at significant level(p<0.01).Spatially,the degree of pollutant in different areas was ranked as suburban area>rural area>urban area(p<0.05).Disposed domestic wastes from the rural areas and non-point pollution in agriculture were the sources of the pollutants,accounting for 49%and 31%of the total pollutants respectively.【Conclusion】The pollution in the rivers in the urban area of Harbin was found mainly in the suburban areas,with most pollutants emanating from rural domestic wastes and agricultural fields.These results have important implications for river pollution controls in this area and beyond.