生物硝化抑制剂(BNI)在提高农业生产系统中氮利用率方面的研究进展

Research progress of biological nitrification inhibitor(BNI)in improving nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural production systems

施肥是提高农业生产率的主要手段之一,提高氮肥利用率是化肥施用的核心问题之一。硝化和反硝化作用引起的硝态氮淋失和一氧化二氮(N2O)排放是氮肥利用率低的主要原因,N2O是一种导致全球气温急剧升高的温室气体。生物硝化抑制是指从植物根部释放具有抑制硝化作用的天然化合物的能力,释放的天然化合物称为生物硝化抑制剂(biological nitrification inhibitor,BNI),其特异性抑制土壤硝化中微生物的活性。生物硝化抑制剂可显著提高水稻(Oryza sativa)、玉米(Zea mays)等作物产量5%~10%,可使玉米对氮素的利用率提高3.1%,还能减少温室气体N2O的排放;与不产生BNI的植物相比,其释放的N2O降低量可达90%。臂形草(Brachiaria humidicola)释放的名为“brachialactone”的BNI在其抑制硝化过程中抑制效果占总抑制作用的60%~90%。综上可知,生物硝化抑制剂在抑制硝化作用、提高氮素利用率及作物产量、减少温室气体排放等方面起着重要的作用。本文综述了已知释放生物硝化抑制的植物和能够抑制土壤硝化作用的植物,并进一步讨论了生物硝化抑制在农业系统中的重要作用。

Fertilization is one of the main methods to improve agricultural productivity.Improving nitrogen use efficiency is one of the core issues in chemical fertilizer application.Nitrate-nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions caused by nitrification and denitrification are the main reasons for low nitrogen utilization rate,and N2O is a greenhouse gas that causes a sharp rise in global temperatures.Biological nitrification inhibition refers to the ability to release a natural compound that inhibits nitrification from the roots of plants.The released natural compound is called a Biological nitrification inhibitor(BNI),which specifically inhibits the activity of microorganisms in soil nitrification.BNIs can significantly increase the yield of rice,corn,and other crops by approximately 5%~10%and corn utilization of nitrogen by 3.1%,as well as decrease emission of greenhouse gases,such as N2O,by 90%compared to those in non-BNI plants.The BNI“Brachialactone”,which is released by Brachiaria plants,exerts nitrification-inhibitory effect,inhibiting 60%~90%of the total nitrification.The above findings show that BNIs play an important role in inhibiting nitrification,increasing nitrogen utilization,increasing crop yield,and decreasing greenhouse gas emission.This paper reviews the plants known to release BNIs and plants known to inhibit soil nitrification but with unknown BNIs,and further discusses the important role of bionitrification inhibition in agricultural systems.