新疆玉米田间杂草组成及群落结构分析

Analysis of Weed Composition and Community Structure in Maize Fields of Xinjiang

为明确新疆玉米种植区田间杂草的组成以及群落结构特征,对新疆3个玉米主产区田间杂草群落组成进行系统调查及对杂草群落结构进行分析。结果表明,新疆灌溉玉米产区共有杂草38种,隶属17科34属,其中,以禾本科稗[Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.]、狗尾草[Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv.],藜科灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum L.),锦葵科野西瓜苗(Hibiscus trionum L.)和苘麻(Abutilon theophrasti Medicus)以及苋科凹头苋(Amaranthus lividus L.)为该地区优势杂草。不同地区的重要杂草种类和群落结构组成存在差异,喀什春播玉米田杂草的种类最丰富,乌鲁木齐地区杂草次之,伊犁地区杂草的危害时期最为集中。生态位宽度的分析结果进一步验证了各地区重要杂草的优势性。乌鲁木齐地区马齿苋、稗,伊犁地区狗尾草、苘麻和田旋花,喀什春播玉米田的田旋花和龙葵以及喀什复播玉米田中苘麻和灰绿藜等主要杂草与地区重要杂草的生态位重叠值较高,在防治重要杂草时应谨防上述地区的主要杂草上升为重要杂草。

The composition and structure of the weed community in the irrigated maize growing areas of Xinjiang was systematically investigated and analysed.There were 38 species of weeds belonging to 17 families and 34 genera.The dominant weeds were the Poaceae,Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.and Setaria viridis(L.)Beauv.,Chenopodiaceae,Chenopodium glaucum L.,Malvaceae,Hibiscus trionum L.and Abutilon theophrasti Medicus,and Amaranthaceae,Amaranthus lividus L.Weed community composition and structure varied among regions.Weeds were most abundant in a Kashgari spring sowing maize field followed by that in Urumqi;In Ili,weeds severely affected the crop early in the season.The analysis of ecological niche breadth further validated the prevalence of important weeds in various regions.Efforts should be made to prevent the increase of main weeds including Portulaca oleracea L.and E.crusgalli in Urimqi,S.viridis,A.theophrasti and Convolvulus arvensis L.in Ili,C,arvensis and Solanum nigrum L.in Kashgari spring sowing maize fields and A.theophrasti and C.glaucum L.in Kashgari re-sowing maize fields.These species share ecological niches with the currently most important weeds and could become prevalent.