1949-1977年中国城乡双轨发展模式的解读

Dual track developing model of urban-rural relationship from 1949 to 1977

中华人民共和国成立后构建起新的城乡关系,城市实现从消费型向生产型转变,农村从个体劳动向合作化、人民公社化发展。这种双轨发展模式不是要让农村向城市转变,而是要让城市和农村以不同的发展道路进入共产主义社会。这种模式在社会主义改造时期形成,人民公社化时期得到强化。双轨发展模式与中华人民共和国成立后城市和农村在生产资料所有制、生产力发展水平、工农业劳动方式、地理空间等方面的差异有关。物资资源和人口资源的流动让彼此分隔的城乡又存在着一定的联系,但这种联系不改变彼此的发展方向。考察中华人民共和国成立后的城乡关系必须将它放在当时的社会条件下,不宜直接以后来的认识评价当时的观点,直接以城乡二元结构解释当时的城乡关系容易导致认识错位。

In the effort to eliminate the difference between urban and rural areas,a new relationship between urban and rural areas was established after 1949.The city transformed from being consumption-oriented to production-oriented has becomewhere industrialization grows;the countryside where individual labor dominated has grown into where cooperation and people's commune prevail.This dual-track development model was not to transform rural areas into cities,but to enable cities and rural areas to enter Communist society on different development paths.This way was formed in the period of socialist transformation,and it was related to the differences between urban and rural areas in terms of ownership of means of production,level of productivity development,industrial mode and agricultural labor,and geographic space after the founding of the People's Commune,and was strengthened in the period of People's Commune.The flow of material resources and population resources makes the urban and rural areas separated from each other and meanwhile related with each other,which does not change the development direction of either of them.To investigate the relationship between urban and rural areas after the founding of the People's Republic of China,we must put it in the specific environmental conditions at that time.It is not appropriate to evaluate the right and wrong of establishing such a relationship directly from future understanding,and misunderstanding is unavoidablewhen the relationship between urban and rural areas is interpreteddirectly from the dual structure of urban and rural areas.