津巴布韦独立后的民族问题与政治发展

Ethnic Issues and Political Development in Zimbabwe after Independence

绍纳族与恩德贝莱族是津巴布韦最大的两个民族,它们之间的关系对津巴布韦的民族问题和政治发展都有着重要的影响。独立后,穆加贝政府针对恩德贝莱人和津人盟实行了民族团结政策,但这一政策遭到了地方民族主义和族群政治等方面的挑战,并与津民盟谋求一党制的努力产生了冲突。穆加贝政府随后放弃民族团结政策,转而对恩德贝莱人和津人盟进行打压,实现了事实上的一党制。然而,民族高压政策对津巴布韦此后的民族问题与政治发展都产生了较大的负面影响,导致恩德贝莱人地方民族主义的固化,使得民族认同继续影响选举进程,并由此开启了穆加贝政府以高压手段维持其统治的序幕。恩德贝莱人直到今天仍未真正与绍纳人实现和解。姆南加古瓦政府在2017年11月上台后采取了一系列旨在改善民族关系的措施,但真正实现民族和解与团结还有很长的路要走。

The Shona and the Ndebele are two major ethnic groups in Zimbabwe,whose relationship has very important impacts on Zimbabwe’s ethnic issues and political development.After independence,the Mugabe government carried out a national unity policy toward the Ndebele and the Patriotic Front-Zimbabwe African People’s Union(PF-ZAPU),but this policy had to face great challenges from tribalism and ethnic politics,and ran contrary to the one-party policy pursued by the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front(ZANU-PF).Henceforth,the Mugabe government abandoned the national unity policy and began to suppress the Ndebele and the PF-ZAPU to establish a de facto one-party system.However,such a repressive ethnic policy had some negative impacts on Zimbabwe’s later ethnic issues and political development,which had not only consolidated tribalism on the part of the Ndebele,but also made ethnic identity an important factor in elections,thus opening the prelude of pursuing repressive policies to maintain its rule by the Mugabe government.Ethnic reconciliation between the Ndebele and the Shona has not yet been realized till today.Although the Mnangagwa government has taken some measure to improve the relationship between the Shona and the Ndebele since it came into power in November of 2017,it will still take some time to achieve ethnic reconciliation and national unity in their true sense.