马克思“自由—幸福”美德伦理与“人类命运共同体”

Marx’s“Freedom-Happiness”Virtue Ethics and A Community of Shared Future for Mankind

人类命运共同体是以追寻人类美好生活(good life)即幸福为宗旨的新时代重要理念。同样,马克思的学说中内在地拥有一种美德伦理思想,其中,“自由”是其核心,它与正义在人类整体范畴内同构为一体。从本质上看,马克思的美德伦理思想属于一种古希腊式的幸福学,它追求人性的繁荣与充分发展,在马克思那里,每个人的自由全面发展就是幸福,马克思追求人类整体的幸福繁荣。这与人类命运共同体旨趣一致。但是,并不能将马克思美德伦理思想看作是对古希腊美德伦理学的简单复归,它是面向现代社会以及未来社会的、以“人”为宗旨的伦理学,马克思将它扎根于历史唯物主义的基础之上。进而,构建一种马克思的人道主义的美德伦理学是合理的,也是可能的。马克思美德伦理能够为人类命运共同体的构建提供学理支撑。

Marx’s theory inherently possesses a virtue ethics,which is an ethics in the field of anthropology.“Freedom”is its core.This freedom and justice are isomorphic in the whole human race.In essence,Marx’s virtue ethics belongs to a kind of happiness science in ancient Greece.It pursues the prosperity and full development of human nature.In Marx,the free and comprehensive development of everyone is happiness.However,it cannot be regarded as a simple return to the ancient Greek virtue ethics.It is an ethics with the purpose of“human”rooted in modern society and the future society.It is double change of normative ethics and classical virtue ethics.It can be said that Marx constructed a new theory of virtue and morality based on historical materialism centered on“human being”.