从“学出集部”到“识通四库”——百年中国文学批评史研究的范式演进

A Paradigm Evolution of the Centennial History of Chinese Literary Criticism:From the Ji Department Being the Source of Subject to the“Siku”as the Knowledge System

中国文学批评史作为一门现代学科,“文学批评”这一新语虽取之西域,其学理及文献却出自四库集部。如果说集部五大类典籍为“批评”准备了海量文学文本,那么诗文评类叙及文献则为“文学批评”提供了理论、方法及范例。从“集部”出发的中国文学批评史,其开创期(20世纪三四十年代)率先收获的是“史”的辉煌。在历经20世纪五六十年代的曲折和沉寂之后,逐步从开创期的“学出集部”走到新时期的“识通四库”,形成“经史子集”四大范式互济共进的大文论景观。史学范式,以“史”的重新书写和各种理念、风格及体量之史著的再度辉煌开其局;经学范式,以“经”之“文以载道”式的本体阐释和“词以通道”式的范畴辨析积其力;子学范式,以“子”之多元文化视野的思想争鸣和博明万事的知识纂集拓其疆;集部范式,以“集”之诗文评性质的各体批评和各种方略筑其实。“经史子集”,作为自本自根、原汁原味的知识形态及话语体系,构成百年中国文学批评史研究的思想灵魂、历史本末、文化精神和批评方法。考察百年批评史研究的范式演进,可为全球化时代的文学理论提供中国经验、中国话语及中国范式。

Although the the history of Chinese literary criticism is a modern subject and new term“literary criticism”is taken from the western region,its theory and literature come from the Ji Department of the“Siku”.If the five major classics of Ji Department prepared a large number of literary texts for“criticism”,the narrative and literature of poetry and criticism would provide theories,methods,and examples for“literary criticism”.The history of Chinese Literary Criticism comes from Ji Department,the first thing to gain in the founding period(in the 1930s and 1940s)is the glory of History(represented by Guo,Luo and Zhu’s three dynasties).After the hardship and silence of the 1950s and 1960s,The history of Chinese Literary Criticism from the initial stage of“be from the Ji Department”to the new period of“being well versed in the Siku”progressively,forming the great literary landscape of the four major paradigms that Jing,Shi,Zi,Ji mutual assist to advance.Jing(the classic paradigm of Confucianism),with its ontological interpretation of the“text”and“words in the passage”of the“classic”,and its power of category discrimination and analysis.Shi(the paradigm of historiography),with the re-writing of“history”and the re-brilliance of historical works of various ideas,styles and volumes.Zi(The sub-learning paradigm),expanding its reach with the ideological controversy of the multi-cultural perspective of the“zi”and the knowledge compilation of all things.Ji(the paradigm of collection part),reinforced by criticism and strategy of poetry and prose.As an original knowledge form and discourse system,it constitutes the ideological soul,historical background,cultural spirit,and critical method of the history of Chinese centennial literary criticism’s research.The research of the paradigm evolution of the history of Chinese centennial literary criticism can provide Chinese experience,Chinese discourse,and Chinese paradigm for literary theory in the era of globalization.