北京不同公园自生植物物种组成特征及群落类型

Species Composition and Community Types of Spontaneous Plants in Various Parks of Beijing

可在城市环境中自发生长的植物不仅无须过多养护管理,并且发挥着诸多生态功能。将自生植物群落融入公园规划设计中是近年来欧美国家保护城市自然、提升城市生物多样性的重要理念。采用样方法对北京39个不同类型公园中的自生植物进行调研,深入分析了其物种组成特征以及群落类型。结果表明:1)调研到的自生植物共计242种,隶属于52科166属,其中包含了10个生活型,多年生植物物种数最多,为96种,其次是一年生78种;2)自生植物物种数最多的3个公园为香山公园、圆明园遗址公园和奥林匹克森林公园;3)大型城市公园物种数较其他公园类型多;4)不同季节,自生植物被划分出不同的群落组,不同公园中的优势群落较为相似。在未来对自生植物的保护和应用中,应合理为自生植物的生长和演替预留空间,注重不同公园自生植物特色群落的设计,根据不同环境条件及物种习性营建群落。

Plants that spontaneously grow in urban areas need less maintenance and perform many ecological functions.Integrating spontaneous plant communities into park planning and design is an important idea to protect urban nature and improve biodiversity in European and American countries in recent years.Using the sampling method,through field investigation of spontaneous plants in 39 parks of various types in Beijing,this research analyzes the characteristics of species composition and community classification of spontaneous plants.The results showed that 1)the 242 spontaneous plant species recorded in this research belonged to 52 families and 166 genera.They contained 10 life forms,represented by 96 species of perennials and 78 species of annuals.2)The three parks with the largest number of species were Fragrant Hill Park,The Old Summer Palace and Olympic Forest Park.3)Of all the park types,large urban parks contained more species.4)In different seasons,spontaneous plants were classified into different community groups,with similar dominant communities in different parks.The research proposes that in future conservation and application of these plants,spaces should be reserved reasonably for the growth and succession of spontaneous plants,stressing the design of spontaneous communities with different characteristics in different parks,and constructing communities according to specific environmental conditions and species habits.