试论清代国子监贡生与监生异同

On the Similarities and Differences between Gongsheng and Jiansheng of Imperial College in the Qing Dynasty

清代的国子监既是清王朝主管教育的行政机构,也是培养科举人才的最高学府。作为教学机构,国子监所招收的学生以贡生和监生为主体,二者统称为"国子监生"。清代国子监的监生和贡生既具有地方官学中生员的属性,可以参加乡试;又有不同于生员的权利,能够通过廷试等方式获取官职。不过,清代的监生和贡生并不完全相同,二者在入学资格、入监后待遇及仕途前景等方面的诸多差异表明,贡生的政治地位高于监生,入仕后所获取的官职和升迁速度也非监生所能企及。

The Imperial College in the Qing Dynasty was not only the administrative body of the Qing Dynasty in charge of education,but also the highest institution for training the imperial talents.As a teaching institution,the students enrolled by the Imperial College are mainly tribute students and supervisor students,and the two are collectively referred to as " Imperial College students".Supervisor students and tribute students in the Qing Dynasty not only had the attribute of students in local official schools,with the right to take part in the local examination,but also had more rights to gain access to office by way of imperial examinations.However,the supervisor students and tribute students of the Qing Dynasty are not exactly the same.The differences between the two in terms of enrollment qualifications,post-insurance treatment and career prospects indicate that tribute students’ political status is higher than that of supervisor students.The official positions and promotion speeds obtained are not acceptable to the supervisors.