清代喀什噶尔城市形态及格局演变探析

The Research on the Urban Form and Urban Pattern Evolution of Kashgar in the Qing Dynasty

喀什噶尔城市形态及格局在清代经历了巨大变化。本文借助多语种档案文献以及城市古地图等,就清代喀什噶尔历史演进过程中的空间形态变迁这一前人极少关注的领域,进行图文并茂的呈现和研究。清朝统一前,吐曼河南岸的回城呈现不圆不方的形态,内部基本以古王宫为中心,街巷呈放射状分布。乾隆统一之初,新建徕宁城,与旧城形成了一地两城的双城格局。至道光年间,徕宁城毁于战火,迁址新建恢武城,新城承袭了徕宁城的军政管理职能;同时喀什噶尔回城西扩,逐步形成了以艾提尕尔清真寺为中心的新回城。至光绪年间,虽重建徕宁城,但自道光朝至清末,形成的是恢武城与新回城的全新双城格局。

The urban pattern of Kashgar changed dramatically in the Qing Dynasty.The paper aims to illustrate the evolution with the help of Chinese literature,Manchu archives,Western records and some old urban maps,which is rarely concerned by researchers.Before reunification of the Qing Dynasty,the Muslim city on the south bank of Tuman River was in irregular shape.The interior of city was basically centered on the ancient palace and the streets were radially distributed.And then,Emperor Qianlong ordered to build a new city named Laining徕宁,forming a dual-city structure with the Muslim city.In the period of Emperor Daoguang,the city of Laining was destroyed by war and a new city named Huiwu恢武was built.Huiwu city,like Laining city,carried out the military and political functions.Meantime,the Muslim city expanded westward and gradually evolved into a new Muslim city centered on the Id Kah Mosque.From Daoguang period to the end of the Qing Dyansty,a new dual-city pattern of Huiwu city and the new Muslim city was formed.