茶园化肥减量增效技术的推广应用--以广东大埔县为例

Promotion and Application of “Chemical Fertilizer Saving and Efficiency Improving Technology” in Tea Garden--A Case Study of Dabu County, Guangdong Province

【目的】围绕茶叶"化肥零增长"和 "提质增效、绿色发展"的工作主线,集成可推广应用的茶园化肥减量增效施肥技术。【方法】基于测土配方施肥、有机肥替代化肥和水肥一体化等高效施肥技术在大埔县代表性茶园建立定位试验点3个和应用监测点14个,根据试验和监测效果集成茶园化肥减量增效施肥技术,并通过培训和示范观摩进行推广。【结果】对3个试验点调查表明土壤质量明显提升,有机质提高0.3~2.0 g/kg;土壤酸化缓解,pH值提高0.02~0.18;茶青产量增加5.2%~17.1%,品质改善明显,种植效益提高3 960~16 110元/hm^2。对监测点调查表明茶园土壤重金属含量符合国家环境一级标准、茶叶重金属含量100%符合国家安全标准。通过技术示范和观摩培训,改变了农户的施肥观念,提高了施肥技术水平,茶园有机肥用量提高895.5 kg/hm^2,化肥用量减少184.5 kg/hm^2,全县2018年化肥用量较2017年减少1 676 t,减幅8.0%,初步实现了大埔茶园 "化肥零增长"的目标。推动培育茶叶品牌超过20个,新建水肥一体化茶园面积330 hm^2,茶业综合竞争力明显提升。【结论】基于测土配方、有机替代和水肥一体化的化肥减量增效模式能够有效降低化肥用量,实现茶叶增产提质,为推动茶叶绿色高效栽培、茶业产业兴旺和乡村振兴提供重要支撑。

【Objective】Focusing on the main line of "zero growth of chemical fertilizer" and "quality and performance improvement and green development" for tea industry,the study aimed to integrate an applicable application technology of saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizer in tea garden.【Method】Based on high-efficiency fertilization technologies such as soil testing and formula recommendation,organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer and fertigation,three location experiments and fourteen monitoring points were established in the representative tea gardens of Dabu County.According to the experiment and monitoring results,the technology model of saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers for tea garden was integrated and promoted through training and demonstration.【Result】Result of the three location experiments showed that the soil quality was improved,the organic matter was increased by 0.3-2.0 g/kg;the soil acidification was alleviated and pH was increased by 0.02-0.18.The yield of tea green was increased by 5.2%-17.1% and the quality was improved,with the planting benefit increased by 3 960-16 110 yuan/hm^2.Result of monitoring points showed that the heavy metal contents of tea garden soils were in line with the first-class national environmental standard,and the heavy metal contents of tea leaves were all up to the national safety standard.Through technical demonstration and observation training,the farmers’concept of fertilization was changed,and the fertilization technology level was improved.The organic fertilizer consumption increased by 895.5 kg/hm^2 while the chemical fertilizer consumption decreased by 184.5 kg/hm^2 in tea garden.The chemical fertilizer consumption of Dabu county in 2018 decreased by 1 676,8.0% reduced compared with that in 2017,and the goal of "zero growth of chemical fertilizer" in Dabu tea garden was preliminarily achieved.More than 20 tea brands were cultivated and 330 hm^2 of fertigation tea garden were built,and the comprehensive competitiveness of the tea industry was significantly improved.【Conclusion】The "chemical fertilizer saving and efficiency improving technology" based on soil testing and formula recommendation,organic fertilizer substitution and fertigation can effectively reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizer,increase yield and quality of tea,and provide important support for promoting green and efficient tea cultivation,prosperity of tea industry and revitalization of rural areas.