莲雾开花习性及花粉萌发和授粉特性分析

Flowering Habits and Pollination of Wax Apple in Guangxi

【目的】了解莲雾的开花习性和花粉可育性,为开展莲雾授粉作业提供参考依据。【方法】在莲雾花被开始松散分离至谢花期间每天的7:00、12:00和18:00观察记录其花被、花丝、花药、花粉和柱头等花器的变化情况,分析其花粉生活力;在花朵开放前2 d至开放后2 d,分析其柱头接受花粉的活性;收获时比较分析人工杂交授粉与自然授粉果实的品质。【结果】莲雾开花前1 d,紧闭的花被逐渐松散而分离,当天开花的花朵于6:00-7:00开放,11:00-12:00花粉完全散离花药;花序由最外下层开始开放,逐渐向内上层依次展开;花粉形态主要为三角形,有3个发芽孔;花粉在含10%蔗糖的培养基中、30℃时发芽率最高。人工杂交授粉以花朵开放当天授粉的结籽率最高;人工杂交授粉果实的单果重、果实大小和可溶性固形物含量均显著高于自然授粉果实(P<0.05)。【结论】莲雾杂交授粉成功率主要受花粉生活力、柱头有效状态和温度3个因子影响,最适授粉温度为25~30℃,花粉收集最佳时间为花朵开放当天的7:00-11:00,授粉最适时间为开花当天。

【Objective】The present paper aimed to understand flowering habit and pollen fertility of wax apple to provide evidence for hybrid pollination of wax apple.【Method】At 7:00,12:00,and 18:00 on each day during the period when the perianth of wax apple began to be loosely separated to perianth,filaments,anthers,pollen and stigma were recorded and their pollen viability was analyzed.The activity of stigma receiving pollen was analyzed from 2 days before flower opening to 2 days after flower opening,and the quality of artificial cross-pollination and natural-pollination fruits was analyzed.【Result】One day before the wax apple blooms,the tightly closed perianth gradually loosens and separates,the flowering flower opens from 6:00 to 7:00,and pollen completely disperses anthers from 11:00 to 12:00;the inflorescence starts to open from the outermost layer,gradually unfolds to the inner upper layer in turn;the pollen morphology is mainly triangular,has 3 germination holes;the pollen germination rate is the highest in the medium containing 10%sucrose at 30℃.The seed rate of artificial pollination was the highest on the day of flower opening,and the single fruit weight,fruit size and soluble solids content of artificial pollination fruit were significantly higher than those of natural pollination fruit(P<0.05).【Conclusion】The success rate of wax apple cross-pollination was mainly affected by three factors:pollen viability,effective state of stigma and temperature.The optimum pollination temperature is 25-30℃.The best time of pollen collection was 7:00-11:00 on the day of flower blooming.The best pollination time of pollination was blooming day.