中国银行业结构性变迁(1897-1927年)

The Structural Changes of China’s Banking Industry(1897-1927)

自清朝末年到南京国民政府成立之前,中国银行业在相对宽松的条件下成长起来。以政府控制下"官护"性质银行的兴办为起点,中国银行业在30年间相继出现官办银行、官商合办、商办官护、私人民营、民营股份制等组织形式,在南京国民政府垄断银行业之前,较为丰富的现代银行体系雏形初步建立。在这一进程中,中国银行业呈现出"单一——分散——集中"的结构性变迁特征,由最初单一化的"官护"银行为主发展为数量庞大、较为分散的行业结构,最终在银行间联合发展作用下实现中国银行部门的集中。同时,中国银行业在资本实力和业务经营等方面实现突破性发展。尽管这一时期仍处于发展的幼稚阶段,但这一关键的起步对之后中国银行业的发展具有积极的推动作用。另外,这一时期中国银行业通过集中、联合发展实现与外国在华银行和旧式钱庄的抗衡,以史为鉴,这对当下中国银行业的发展而言,具有一定的历史借鉴意义。

From the late Qing Dynasty to the founding of Nanjing National Government,China’s banking industry grew up under relatively loose conditions.Starting from the establishment of"Official Protection"banks,China’s banking industry had successively emerged such organizational forms as Government Bank,Government-Private Joint Bank,Private and Official Protection Bank,Private Bank and Shareholding Bank.Before Nanjing National Government monopolized the market,a relatively rich banking system had been initially established.In this process,China’s banking industry formed the"single,decentralized and centralized"structural change.This form of change developed from the unitary"Official Protection"bank to a large and scattered industrial structure,and finally realized the concentration of China’s banking sector under the role of joint development between banks.At the same time,China’s banking industry had achieved breakthroughs in capital strength and business operation.Although this period was a naive stage of development,it had a positive role in promoting the development of China’s banking industry.In addition,China’s banking industry realized its competition with foreign banks and old-style Chinese private banks through joint development during this period.Drawing lessons from history,it has certain historical significance for the development of China’s banking industry.