控制氮肥施用引起的活性氮气体排放:脲酶/硝化抑制剂研究进展与展望

Decrease the emission of active nitrogen gases in nitrogen fertilizer application:Research progresses and per spectives of urease/nitrification inhibitors

氮肥不合理施用所排放的活性氮气体(NH3、N2O、NO)对环境造成了极大影响,其中,挥发到大气中的NH3会与酸性气体反应形成气溶胶,降低空气质量;氮素转化过程中排放的N2O是一种具有高增温潜势的温室气体,对全球气候变暖有贡献;排放的NO在大气中进行二次反应产生光化学污染及次级污染(如酸雨)。脲酶抑制剂(UI)和硝化抑制剂(NI)对减少氮肥施用中活性氮对环境负面风险方面的消减作用被广为研究。本文在汇总近年来土壤氮素硝化作用微生物机理的研究进展基础上,结合近年的文献汇总数据,综述了UI及NI的类型、作用机理、对硝化作用相关功能微生物的影响、对N2O、NO及氨挥发减排的效果,以及影响抑制剂作用效果的因素(温度、土壤水分、土壤pH、土壤质地、土壤有机质含量等),并对新型生物硝化抑制剂(BNI)及抑制剂的可能研究方向进行了展望。

The reactive nitrogen emissions(NH3,N2O,NO)resulted from inappropriate application of nitrogen fertilizers has caused serious impacts on the environment.The volatilized ammonia could reactive with other acidic gases in the air and then form the aerosol which may lead to the decline of air quality.N2O,a kind of greenhouse gas with higher global warming potential and contributed to the global warming,is emitted through the nitrogen turnover processes in the soil.NO,also emitted through the soil nitrogen transformation processes,could be oxidized in the air and subsequently result in the photochemical pollution of air and secondary pollution(eg.acid rain).Urease and nitrifi cation inhibitors(UIs/NIs)have been receiving wide attention globally owing to the evident effect in ameliorating the negative risks of ac tive nitrogen to the environment.Based on reviewing the recent progresses in the microbial mechanisms of nitrogen nitrification,as well as some results of meta-analyses,this review summarized the following aspects on UIs and NIs.i)The types,inhibiting mechanisms,disturb ing pathways on associated microbes of some prevalent UIs and NIs.ii)The effects of UIs and NIs on the mitigation of ammonia volatiliza tion and N2O/NO emissions.iii)The influencing factors which affect the effects of UIs/NIs,such as temperature,soil moisture,soil pH,soil texture,and soil organic matter etc.Finally,the possible research aspects and perspectives on UIs and BNIs were discussed.