什么是“违宪”——基于全国人大及其常委会工作实践的考察

How to Understand the Concept of Unconstitutionality An Empirical Research Based on the Practice of the NPC and NPCSC of China

推进合宪性审查工作,需要认真对待中国语境下的“违宪”概念。在起草“八二宪法”时,彭真等人比较重视反思“违宪”的教训。从实践来看,全国人大及其常委会认定的违宪现象分为国家机关及公职人员具体行为违宪、规范性文件违宪、政治与意识形态层面的违宪三类。但一些理论上的宪法争议,在实践中则不被认为是违宪。经验研究表明:我国的合宪性审查对“违宪”概念的依赖度很低,但实践中“违宪”这一概念的存在对于预防公权力违宪、提高公权力行为和立法的合宪性水平、应对重大政治危机都具有重要价值。我们应该客观认识“违宪”这一概念的规范性与政治性,促进实践与理论研究的良性互动。

It is necessary to take the concept of“unconstitutionality”in Chinese context seriously in order to advance constitutional review.Peng Zhen and other drafters have paid special attention to this concept in the process of making the constitution of 1982.Based on the practice of the NPC and NPCSC,the decisions of unconstitutionality appear when state organs and state employees,as well as regulations violate the constitution directly.Betraying the political standpoint of the constitution may be regarded as unconstitutionality,too.However,some theoretical constitutional disputes are not considered unconstitutional in practice.The empirical research implies that the concept of“unconstitutionality”has little direct influence on Chinese constitutional review.But it will be very helpful to control public powers,strengthen the constitutionality of legislations and cope with severe political crisis if we use this concept in aproper way.An objective understanding of the normativity and political nature of“unconstitutionality”leads to a positive interaction between practice and theoretical research.