共同犯罪归责基础的规范理解

Normative Understanding of the Basis for Imputation of Joint Crime

客观因果以及主观意图仅仅描述了共同归责的各种实然前提,并不能为应然的共同归责提供充分根据;对存在论要素的种种规范化努力则可能既背离了存在论的立场,又扭曲了规范论的本意。学界因此提出了诸多纯粹的规范化路径。遗憾的是,这些路径不仅没有确立真正的归责基础,反而使原本潜藏于存在论路径中的启示更显混沌。应当回到一般归责理论的出发点,即自由律对因果律的超越寻求共同归责的规范基础。如果以自由为中心规范性地理解共同犯罪,就会发现共同犯罪是一种归责形态,只有当数人任意地行使自己的行为自由,共同妨害了他人的自由时,才是可共同归责的。换言之,共同犯罪人在规范上表达了共同塑造构成要件之实现的意义,所以构成要件的实现要归责于全体共同犯罪人。

Objective causality and subjective intention only describe the actual premises of common imputation,and do not provide a sufficient basis for it.Various normative efforts on the elements of ontology may deviate from both the ontological position and the original meaning of normative theory.The existing literature has therefore proposed many purely normative paths.Unfortunately,these paths not only do not establish a true basis of imputation,but make the enlightenment hidden in the paths of ontology more chaotic.Therefore,it is necessary to return to the starting point of the general imputation theory,which is the transcendence of the law of freedom over the law of causality,to seek the normative basis of common imputation.If we understand the joint crime in a normative way with freedom at the center,we will find that the joint crime is a form of imputation.Only when several people exercise their freedom of conduct arbitrarily and collectively impede the freedom of others,can they be imputed together.In other words,the joint offender expresses the meaning of forming a crime normatively,so the realization of the crime is imputed to all joint offenders.