学区房的教育级差地租及其不平等效应研究

Educational Differential Land Rent of School Distinct Housing and the Effect of Unequal Educational Opportunities

学区房在我国基础教育资源分配中起着重要作用。那么,学区房问题是如何产生的?又将带来怎样的影响?以往的研究虽然已经也给出了各种回答和解释,但缺乏对学区房溢价的理论机理探讨,而对影响效应的研究则缺乏整体性分析。文章以马克思的级差地租理论为基础,从土地因素出发,研究学区房溢价产生的内在原因,并引入机会不平等理论研究教育级差地租的影响效应,进而利用CFPS调查数据进行实证检验,从而给出一个学区房溢价原因及其影响效应的政治经济学解释。研究表明:(1)由于政府对教育投入存在非均衡性,而向重点学校倾斜的投入政策导致了教育质量差异,而这种学区差异又通过学区房政策与土地进行绑定,转化为教育级差地租,进而产生了学区房溢价,即重点学校对应的学区房具有较高的教育级差地租和住房价格。(2)教育级差地租的存在将使得那些家庭财富更高和更加重视子女教育的家庭选择优质学区房,从而造成教育机会的不公平问题,即家庭财富对教育级差地租的支付存在显著的正向影响。因此,对于学区房问题,政府部门应该充分利用好城市土地所有权国有属性这一制度优势,将所获“地租”更多地投入到教育,特别是向普通学校倾斜,以促进教育机会更加公平。

School district housing plays an important role in the assignment of elementary education resources in China.In the past 20 years,the price of school district housing has risen much higher than that of ordinary housing,which has aroused a great concern of the society.It is not only a theoretical problem,but also a practical problem needs to be solved.The existing research mainly focuses on the empirical analysis of measuring the premium of school district housing,while the theoretical research is relatively less,and the effect of school district housing has not been paid enough attention.This paper addresses to the above problems.In our theoretical analysis,based on the perspective of political economy,we introduce the theory of differential land rent,put forward the concept of“educational differential land rent”.We find out that the generation of school district housing premium follows this path:The imbalanced government investment in education causes the difference among schools;when school enrollment is combined with property rights,the excess profits of human capital in the future turns into the educational differential land rent;the rent affects the land price,and ultimately leads to the premium of school district housing.The effect of school district housing premium is reflected in:The family background affects the decisionmaking of the payment of the educational differential land rent,which leads to unequal educational opportunities.In our mathematical model,we find that the core factors affecting the payment of educational differential land rent are the family wealth and the expected return of education.When the government inclines educational investment to key schools,the educational differential land rent will increase,the competition on school district housing purchase will intensify,and the income inequality among the next generation will be worse.In our empirical study,we use data from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)to measure the educational differential land rent.We find that the key school district housing has a higher educational differential land rent,and this rent has a significant positive impact on the school district housing price;family wealth has a significant positive impact on the payment of educational differential land rent.Therefore,the government should incline educational investment to ordinary schools,and expand the supply of education,so as to promote more equitable educational opportunities.The academic value of this paper could be concluded in three aspects:First,it studies the problem of school district housing in China from the perspective of political economy,analyzes the causes of the school district housing premium,and develops the theory of differential land rent.Second,it makes a systematic study on the problem of school district housing,and finds that the family background will lead to unequal educational opportunities through the path of educational differential land rent.Third,based on the micro database,we introduce family characteristics into the regression model,and calculate the educational differential land rent.