农业补贴、要素相对价格与农地流转

Agricultural Subsidies,Relative Prices of Factors and Agricultural Land Transfer

改革开放40年以来,农业补贴的范围和规模不断扩大,但我国农户农业生产积极性并未得到有效提高,农地细碎化、规模过小和农业生产效率低下等现状并未改变。文章从理论角度将现有农业补贴分成普惠类、资本类及奖励类三类,在此基础上探讨了农业补贴对要素相对价格及农地流转的影响,并利用2011年和2018年的千村调查数据对此进行了实证检验。研究发现:小农户的农地租出率呈下降趋势,自主经营和撂荒比率呈上升趋势,而种植大户的农地租入率则越来越高。资本类补贴降低了资本相对于劳动的价格,促进了农户资本投入的增加,进而提高了种植大户租入农地的意愿;奖励类补贴类似于效率工资,其增加了从事农业生产相对于非农就业的收益,降低了小农户租出农地的意愿或者使得小农户在转让的过程中抬高农地租金进而提高了种植大户租入农地的成本,由此降低了奖励类补贴对种植大户租入农地的促进作用;普惠类补贴则类似于生息资产产生的红利,对农地流转具有正向的影响。资本类补贴和普惠类补贴对农地流转的正效应在非主产区的正影响不显著。

Since the reform and opening up 40 years ago,the scope and scale of agricultural subsidies have been expanding,but the enthusiasm of farmers in agricultural production has not been effectively improved,and agricultural land fragmentation,too small scale and low efficiency of agricultural production have not changed.According to the economic nature of China’s agricultural subsidies,this paper divides the existing agricultural subsidies into three categories:inclusive,capital and incentive,respectively,to study the impact of agricultural subsidies on the relative price of factors and the transfer of agricultural land.Based on the data of“A Survey of Thousands of Villages in China”in 2011-2018,the study finds that:The rate of small-scale farmers’land rental is on the decline,the rate of independent management and abandonment is on the rise,while the rate of large-scale farmers’land rental is on the rise.The empirical results show that:Capital subsidies reduce the price of capital relative to labor,promote the increase of farmers’capital input,and then improve the willingness of large-scale farmers to rent in farmland;incentive subsidies are similar to efficiency wages,which increase the income of agricultural production relative to non-agricultural employment,reduce the willingness of small-scale farmers to rent out farmland,or raise the rent of farmland in the process of transfer,so that the cost of large-scale farmers renting farmland increases,and incentive subsidies’promoting effect on large-scale farmers’renting farmland decreases;inclusive subsidies are similar to the dividend generated by interest earning assets,which have a positive impact on the transfer of agricultural land.Farmers’wage income is the opportunity cost for farmers to engage in agricultural production.The higher the wage income is,the more willing small farmers are to rent out farmland.Due to the existence of capital subsidies,when large farmers expand the scale,they mainly increase capital investment,but not raise labor employment,so higher wage income often promotes large farmers to rent in farmland.Because of regional endowment and economic development,there is heterogeneity in the effect of agricultural subsidies in non-main production areas.Therefore the positive effects of capital subsidies and inclusive subsidies on the transfer of agricultural land are not significant in non-main production areas.