西部官话中名词小称形式的分布和类型——兼及动词重叠式的分布

The Study on Distribution and Typology of Noun Diminutives in Western Mandarin——also on the Distribution of Verb Reduplication

西部官话指西南官话、兰银官话、中原官话汾河片以西方言。用重叠式表达名词的小称义是西部官话的典型特征。儿缀词的分布遍及官话方言,但西部官话中有不少地点没有儿缀词。重叠式名词与儿缀词在大部分西部官话中并存、叠置,但也有若干方言中呈互补状态。重叠加后缀有AA儿、AA子等形式,其中AA儿式分布在部分西部官话中,AA子式分布在部分西北官话中,有的方言同时具有AA式、AA儿式、AA子式。在缺乏儿缀的方言中,重叠是主要的小称形式;在有儿缀的方言中,则是AA儿式的小称义最强,重叠式次之。与AA儿、AA式相比,AA子式大多为中性,但也有方言只用AA子式表小。AA儿是AA式与儿缀式的叠加形式;在西部官话中,AA式是表小称的早期形式,儿缀式是后来进入的,AA儿是儿缀词进入以后才形成的。官话方言中,重叠式名词与动词重叠在地域上基本上是互补分布的。

The Western Mandarin refers to the South-west Mandarin,Lanyin(兰银)Mandarin and the west of Fenhe(汾河)dialect of Zhongyuan(中原)Mandarin.It is the typical feature of Western Mandarin to use reduplicative form to express the diminutive meaning of nouns.The words of suffix Er(儿)are distributed all over the dialects in mandarin,but there are a lot of places in West Mandarin without the use of suffix Er(儿).Reduplicative nouns and the words with suffix Er(儿)coexist and overlap in most of the Western Mandarin,and they are complimentary in some dialects.Reduplicative forms plus suffix include etc.,where AA-Er(儿)exists in part of West Mandarin,AA-Zi(子)is distributed in part of Northwest Mandarin.Some dialects have AAEr(儿)and AA-Zi(子)as well.In the dialects lacking the suffix Er(儿),reduplication is the major diminutive form.In the dialects with the suffix Er(儿),the diminutive meaning of AA-Er(儿)is the strongest and reduplication follows.Compared with the AA-Er(儿),AA,the form of AA-Zi(子)is mostly neutral,but it is used to show the subtle meaning in some dialects.This article argues that AA-Er(儿)is the reduplicative form of AA and suffix Er(儿).AA is the earlier form,the suffix Er(儿)appears later and AA-Er(儿)is after the suffix Er(儿)in the Western Mandarin.Basically,reduplication patterns of nouns and verbs are geographically distributed complementarily in Mandarin dialects.