汉语存在句信息结构分析

Research on Information Structure of Existential Sentences in Chinese

动词谓语句中一类表示事物存在的句子称为“存在句”。存在句是汉语的一种特殊句式,对汉语学习者来说,如何认知存在句的类型、习得规律,并在交际中适时选择、准确运用,是对外汉语教学的难点之一。将存在句的三类句式进行梳理,从认知出发,以传息为视角,分析存在句的信息构成,并指出其除了存在外,还具有“占据”的语义信息和功能。根据存在句呈现出的习得规律给出教学策略,即要从简单句和原型句入手,遵循由简入繁原则,句子形式先简后繁,由信息复杂到句式复杂,由直观到抽象,并结合语境进行教学。

The category of sentences that indicates the existence of things in Verb-predicate Sentence is called“Existential Sentence”.Existential Sentence is a special sentence-pattern in Chinese.For Chinese learners,it is one of the difficulties in teaching Chinese as a foreign language to know the types and acquisition rules of Existential Sentences,and to choose and apply them correctly in communication.This study generalizes the Existential Sentence of three kinds of sentence-pattern,starting from the cognitive,in the perspective of trans-information,analyzes the information structure of Existential Sentences,and points out that apart from the function of expressing existence,it also has the semantic information and function of“occupation”.The study gives the teaching strategies according to the acquisition law of Existential Sentence,which should start from simple and prototype sentences,then from simple to complex,information complex to sentence complex,intuition to abstraction,and apply to teach in context.