俄罗斯联邦海上安全法律体系研究

Study on Maritime Safety Legal Framework of the Russian Federation

俄罗斯联邦通过“学说”的形式,从海洋和军事两大维度对其海上安全的定义、结构、范围和主要保障力量进行了说明与界定。此举强调了海上安全背后所兼具的国家利益与国家安全,其范围涉及俄联邦的内海、领海、专属经济区和大陆架以及沿海国家管辖范围以外的海域。同时,俄联邦也借助“学说”作为其国内法渊源的地位优势和理论基础,构建起了具有军地协同性,高度重视“北极-北方海航道”海上安全,且涵盖海洋法与军事法的海上安全法律体系。该体系的建立标志着俄联邦的海权主张已同其海洋安全秩序的规范性要求相统一。本文以俄联邦海上安全法律体系的构成、特征为线索,结合俄联邦海上安全局势与行政管理制度方面的实际状况,对其海上安全法律体系的发展趋向进行了如下预判:一是法定权责划分将更加明确;二是将不断强化俄属黑海海域的法律管辖力度;三是将进一步夯实中俄海上安全合作的法律保障基础。

The Russian Federation,in the form of doctrine,explains and defines the definition,structure,scope,and main support forces of maritime security from dimensions of maritime and military.The national interests and security reflected by maritime security are emphasized,which involves the inland sea,territorial sea,exclusive economic zone,continental shelf of the Russian Federation,and sea areas beyond the jurisdiction of coastal states.Meanwhile,with the form of doctrine,it also serves as the legal foundation of domestic laws,establishing the maritime safety legal framework covering both maritime laws and military laws,which coordinates the civil and the military,and attaches much significance to the maritime security of the“Arctic-Northern Sea Route”.The establishment of the legal framework marks the unity of the Russian Federation’s claims on maritime power and the normative requirements of the maritime security order.The article elaborates on the composition and characteristics of the maritime safety legal framework of the Russian Federation,combines the maritime security situation and practices of political administration institutions in the Russian Federation,and proposes that the maritime safety legal framework would develop in the following trends:1)The statutory powers and responsibilities will be more clearly defined;2)The legal jurisdiction of the Russian Black Sea waters will be reinforced;3)Foundation of legal protection for China-Russia maritime security cooperation will be further strengthened.