欧盟海洋治理模式论析

Analysis of the EU’s Ocean Governance Models

海洋问题的重要性使欧盟开始关注海洋治理,并在实践中发展出特定的治理结构,囊括主体、客体、机制和目标四部分。欧盟海洋治理模式反映欧盟与治理主体的互动关系,受到治理区域、治理能力不对称程度和治理意愿强弱三个因素影响。在海洋治理域内,欧盟的海洋治理模式主要依据治理能力划分为竞争型和主导型,其中竞争型治理以制度竞争为主要手段,通过国际规则处理与全球其他行为体的互动关系,而主导型治理下欧盟发挥关键性作用,推广规范和标准。在海洋治理域外,欧盟的海洋治理模式依据治理能力和治理意愿划分为参与型和兼容型,在参与型治理下欧盟发挥辅助性作用,在兼容型治理下欧盟倾向于减少制度竞争,推动治理机制对接。欧盟海洋治理模式面临治理能力与意愿不匹配、成员国协调困境和主体地位弱化的局限性。未来欧盟将持续参与全球海洋治理,在实践中完善和扩展治理模式。

The importance of maritime issues has driven the EU to focus on ocean governance and to develop specific governance structure in practice,which includes subject,object,rule,and goal.The EU’s ocean governance models,reflecting the interaction between the EU and governance subjects,are influenced by 3 factors of the governance region,the asymmetry of governance ability,and the willingness to govern.Inside the governance region,the EU’s ocean governance models are mainly divided into competitive and dominant governance based on governance ability.Competitive governance takes institutional competition as the main means,which deals with interactions with other global actors by international rules.While the EU plays a key role and promotes norms and standards in practices of dominant governance.Beyond the governance region,the EU’s ocean governance models are divided into participatory and compatible governance based on governance ability and willingness to govern.The EU plays an auxiliary role in participatory governance,while the compatible governance model tends to reduce institutional competition and promote the alignment of governance mechanisms.The EU’s ocean governance models are confronted with limitations including the mismatch between governance ability and willingness,the dilemma to coordinate member states,and the decline of the EU’s principal status.In the future,the EU will continue participating in global ocean governance,and improve governance models in practice.