明清时期洱海北部的“坝子水利”与社会能动性的发展

Development of“Bazi Water Conservancy”and Social Initiative in the Northern Erhai Lake in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明初以来,尽管洱海北部坝区经历了较为频繁的制度变化,也存在群体身份差异,但最为重要的社会变化,是村落和地方社群的组织、维持、相互间竞争等长期过程中建立、发展起来的社会能动性。小型水利灌溉和分享体系“坝子水利”逐渐形成以水利、村庙为协调和合作中心的村落共同体,并发展成为基于村庙的大小不等的村落公共财产管理体系和仪式体系。村落共同体和村落联盟的发展,远远超越了其他形式的社群组合,成为公共财产管理、资源和劳动力分配和文化诠释的重要力量。基于共同的村庙或者村庙之间联合的灌溉共同体的管理运作模式不断发展,形成村与村、村庙与村庙之间的劳动力、水资源和宗教仪式之间共享的合作体系。

Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty,although the northern Erhai area has experienced frequent institutional changes and there are group identity differences,the most important social change is the social initiative established and developed in the long-term process of village and local community organization,maintenance,mutual competition and so on.The“Bazi water conservancy”of the small water conservancy irrigation and sharing system gradually formed the village community with the water conservancy,the village temple as the coordination and the cooperation center,and developed into the village public property management system and the ritual system based on the size of the village temple.The development of village community and village alliance goes far beyond other forms of community combination and becomes an important force in public property management,resources and labor distribution and cultural interpretation.The management and operation mode of the irrigation community based on the common village temples or the joint between the village temples is constantly developing,forming a cooperative system of sharing labor,water resources and religious rituals between the village and the village,the village temple and the village temple.