康德刑罚观的内在理据之反思

Reflections on the Rationale behind Kant's View on Punishment

康德在"法权学说"中阐述的"等量报应"原则是其刑罚观的集中体现,而这一原则来源于外自由概念的演绎。建立在先验自由基础上的外在自由概念又分为三个层次,分别对应着法哲学中的权利、义务和法治状态。康德刑罚观从本质上体现了一种外在自由的法则,即犯罪是对外在自由的破坏,而刑罚则是对外在自由的恢复,这也是"等量报应"的内涵所在。康德刑罚观归根到底是以形式平等和先验自由为哲学根基的,也正因为形式平等原则的理想性和先验自由的偏见,导致了这个理性主义刑罚观最终沦为泡影。

Kant’s principle of"ius talionis"in Rechtslehre is the concentrated embodiment of his concept of punishment.That principle is derived from the deduction of the concept of external freedom based on the concept of"apriori"freedom,which also includes three meanings,corresponding to the three key notions in philosophy of law:i.e.right,obligation and"rechtlichen Zustand".Kant’s view on punishment is essentially a law of external freedom:that is,crime is the destruction of freedom,while the punishment is the recovery of freedom.This is also the content of"ius talionis".His view on punishment is rooted in formal equality and transcendental freedom,which finally let the rationalist construction come to naught.Its failure just lies in the idealization of formal equality and the biased concept of transcendental freedom.