周原遗址西周墓葬出土芦苇编织物的材料鉴定及用途研究

Study of the materials of reed textiles excavated from the Western Zhou Zhouyuan Site and their funeral usage

西周时期墓葬中有机质的葬具通常保存情况极为不佳,考古学信息不甚明确,因而墓葬研究中往往无法充分利用此类材料,但此类材料具有潜在的考古学研究价值。本研究以2017年度周原遗址齐镇发掘区墓葬内所出严重降解的织物为材料,利用显微技术观察残余的表皮细胞和植硅体形态,鉴定结果表明墓葬内所出织物为芦苇(Phragmites communis),符合先秦文献中对殓席的记载,主要根据《士丧礼》和《既夕礼》两篇内容,梳理了芦苇编织物在丧葬过程中的用法和可能的出土位置,以此进一步判断出土苇席的性质主要为卧席和抗席。

Organic materials,such as textiles found in tombs of the Western Zhou Dynasty at Zhouyuan Site,are usually in bad conditions because of the alkaline soils in the Central Shaanxi Plain.The contexts of these textiles are barely discernable for archaeological studies because these materials are often not recognized.Thus,it is quite important to identify these materials and study their archaeological implications.Based on the phytolith approach,textiles excavated from tombs at Zhouyuan Site in 2017 were identified as having been made from reeds(Phragmites communis).Referring to the records in ancient literature and the locations where the textiles were found in the tombs,we presume the textiles were used as mattresses in coffins or barriers above coffins to resist soils.