西坡遗址出土器物的光谱学分析

Spectroscopic Analysis of Relics Unearthed from Xipo Site

目前,光谱学分析已经成为支撑科技考古发展的重要技术手段,在产地研究、呈色机理、测年分析等方面发挥了重要作用。河南省灵宝市西坡遗址以其丰富的仰韶文化遗存被确定为"中华文明探源工程"的首选遗址之一,灵宝地区是仰韶文化庙底沟类型的中心地带,可能与传说中的黄帝时代文化相对应。不少考古专家认为,对西坡遗址的勘探和发掘将有助于揭开中华五千年文明的起源之谜。西坡遗址出土器物也较为丰富,包括陶器、玉器、石器等,还有一些较为特殊的青绿色熔块,这些熔块比后世原始瓷釉的出现要早1 000多年。本研究综合运用电感耦合等离子体质谱/原子发射光谱分析(ICP-MS/AES)、电子探针(EPMA)、拉曼光谱(Raman)等光谱学分析技术,对河南灵宝西坡遗址出土50件陶器和1件熔块进行了分析。西坡遗址出土陶器以红陶、褐陶为主,同时也存在彩陶、红皮陶(带红色陶衣的陶器)、黄色陶、黑灰陶等。以往的研究主要将不同颜色的陶器归因为不同烧制气氛,并没有研究不同类别陶器的原料来源。该研究通过对泥质陶器中16种微量元素含量的测定及多元统计分析,探讨了不同种类陶器的原料特征,为研究陶器的生产和流通提供一定的科学依据。同时,研究了部分彩陶的显微结构和黑彩的物相组成,分析了遗址出土青绿色熔块的材料属性和组成结构特征。结果表明,大部分带红色陶衣的陶器,其所用胎泥原料中Ba含量相对较高,与其他陶器有一定的区别,可能具有特殊的原料来源;彩陶表面黑彩的着色矿物原料为磁铁矿;青绿色熔块化学组成除锰磷含量较低外,与原始瓷釉的化学组成比较接近,这些结果为了解仰韶文化时期制陶工艺以及社会生产状况提供了科学依据。研究表明,基于元素分析和结构分析的多种光谱学分析技术联用在考古材料的研究中效果显著。

At present, spectroscopy analysis has become an important technical means to support the development of archaeometry, and has played an important role in origin research, coloring mechanism, dating analysis, etc. The Xipo site in Lingbao city, Henan Province, with its rich Yangshao culture remains, has been identified as one of the first-choice sites for "the exploration of Chinese civilization". Lingbao area is the central area of Miaodigou type of Yangshao culture, which may correspond to the archaeological culture sites in the Yellow Emperor era. Therefore, many archaeological experts believe that the exploration and excavation of Xipo site will help discover the mystery of the origin of China’s 5 000-year-old civilization. Xipo site is also rich in unearthed relics, including pottery, jade, stone tools, and some special green frits, which predate the appearance of proto-porcelain glazes by more than 1 000 years. This study uses ICP-MS/AES, EPMA, Raman spectroscopy analysis techniques to analyze 50 pieces of pottery and 1 piece of frit unearthed from Xipo site in Lingbao city, Henan Province. The pottery unearthed at Xipo Site is mainly red pottery and brown pottery. At the same time, there were painted pottery, red leather pottery(pottery with red coating), yellow pottery, black ash pottery, etc. Previous studies mainly attributed different colors of pottery to different firing atmospheres, and did not discuss the source of raw materials for different types of pottery. Based on the measurement of 16 trace elements in argillaceous pottery and multivariate statistical analysis, the source characteristics of different kinds of pottery are discussed. At the same time, the microstructure of some painted pottery and the phase compositions of black color were studied, and the structural characteristics of green frit unearthed from the site were analyzed. The results show that the Ba content in the raw materials of the clay used in most pottery with red coating is relatively high, which is different from other potteries and may have a special source of raw materials. Magnetite is the coloring mineral raw material for the black color on the painted pottery surface. The chemical composition of the green frit is close to that of the proto-porcelain except for the low manganese and phosphorus content. These results provide a scientific basis for understanding pottery making techniques and social production in Yangshao period. The study shows that the combination of various spectroscopic analysis techniques based on elemental analysis and structural analysis has achieved remarkable results in the research of archaeological materials.