道德意志在美德中的隐与显——亚里士多德与康德美德观之比较

The Concealment and Manifestation of Moral Will in Virtue:A Comparison Between Aristotle's and Kant's Views of Virtue

道德意志通常是指人们在道德活动中为了道德的目的克服阻力和困难的精神力量和持久力。亚里士多德的美德概念强调欲望与理由等心理要素之间的一致性,因而道德意志并不显现于其美德概念中。康德的美德概念强调自我强制,恰恰是对道德意志的彰显。二者对美德的规定不能很好地反映道德意志在美德生成过程中的真实作用。从美德的层次性、美德的类型和情境相关性、美德的生成动力等方面来考虑,亚里士多德和康德美德观之间的差异、道德意志与美德的关系可以得到更好的理解。

Moral will usually refers to people’s spiritual strength and endurance to overcome resistance and difficulties for moral purposes in moral activities.Aristotle’s concept of virtue emphasizes the consistency between psychological elements such as desire and reason,so moral will does not appear in the concept of virtue.Kant’s concept of virtue emphasizes self-compulsion,which is exactly the manifestation of moral will.The two definitions of virtue do not reflect the real function of moral will in the process of virtue formation.The difference between Aristotle’s and Kant’s views of virtue and the relationship between moral will and virtue can be better understood from the aspects of the hierarchy of virtue,types of virtue,the situational relevance of virtue,and the generative power of virtue.