建筑教育通专之辩

Specialization vs.Generalization in Architectural Education

高等教育由欧洲中世纪大学演变而来,民国时期西风东渐,中国高等教育掀起培养通才之风。建国之后,为加快现代化建设,高等教育明确规定注重培养"专门人才",以学科、专业或职业需要为根据,"专才"教育成为中国高等教育的主流模式。改革开放之后,这种"专才"培养模式的弊病日益显露,文化素质教育与"通识教育"应运而起。"通才教育"可以弥补"专才教育"的不足,两者必须相互兼顾与结合,才能形成平衡的人才培养模式。建筑教育的"专",可从三个层次来看,一是在大的学科层面。

Higher education system evolved from medieval universities in Europe.With western influence during the Republic of China,Chinese higher education system experieneed a growing trend of training generalists.After the founding of the People's Republic of China,in order to speed up modernization,higher education system clearly stipulated that it was to focus on training"specialized talents".Based on the needs of disciplines,professions or occupations,"specialist"education has become the mainstream model of higher education in China.After the reform and opening up,the disadvantages of this"specialist"training model becoming increasingly apparent,cultural-quality based education and"general education"emerged as the times required."General education"can make up for the shortcomings of"specialist education".Both must be considered and combined to form a balanced talent training model.The"specialization"of architectural education can be viewed in three aspects,first is on the macro level of discipline,second is between the three first-level disciplines in architectural school,and the third is the major and minor design courses in architectural school.However,the opposite is general education at different levels.At present,architectural education has always faced challenges from the era,technology,and disciplines.This requires architectural education to constantly review itself.In the context of"combining general education with specialized education",it is necessary to actively explore the horizon of disciplines,departments,and courses.