大悲忏、净土忏的制作与流行

Production and popularity of great mercy penitential observance(Dabei chan)and pureland penitential observance(Jingtu chan)

时代孕育了观音信仰、净土信仰及与之相应的大悲忏、净土忏的盛行,宋代所流行的天台忏法主要是知礼、遵式应时代所需撰制的大悲忏和大小净土忏,其特色是将修忏灭罪思想与观音救苦救难思想、念佛往生的净土思想衔接起来,忏悔仪轨与观音信仰结合成为大悲忏、与净土法门结合成为净土忏。大悲忏的特色在于六种结界之法、以天台圆顿止观解释观音菩萨十六本愿核心圆义、依经观陀罗尼形貌相状,达致我与观音菩萨合体、众生诸佛皆是法界之境界。遵式的大小净土忏以往生安乐净土为功德感果,修习五念门来实践"观安乐世界、见阿弥陀佛"之愿,成就念佛三昧而达般舟智慧。

Avalokitesvara faith,Pureland faith,great mercy penitential observance,pureland penitential observance prevailed owing to the times.Tiantai penitential observance which was popular in Song Dynasty stressed to know rites.The features of great mercy penitential observance,great and small pureland penitential observances were the combination of the thinking of practicing penitential observance for crime fighting,Avalokitesvara faith and pureland faith.Confession ritual was combined with Avalokitesvara faith to become great mercy penitential observance and combined with pureland faith to become pureland penitential observance.The features of the great mercy penitential observance were as below:six methods of Jiejie,explaining the meaning of Avalokitesvara’s sixteen wishes through using Tiantai Zhiguan,and imaging the appearances of Tuoluoni.Zunshi’s pureland penitential observance used pureland faith as the core and practiced Wunianmen to realize the desire of meeting Amitabha.