论格里塔·加德的环境正义思想

Greta Gaard's Thoughts on Environmental Justice

环境正义源自对环境问题的伦理关注,它的实质是对环境责任和生态利益的合理负担和分配,可以说是社会正义概念的延伸和突破。从本质上来分析,环境正义就是环境伦理学的具体阐述形式,其核心内涵就是秉持公正、平等等正义的基本尺度来协调不同群体、不同物种与自然之间的关系,从而保证人与自然、其他物种与自然能够和谐相处,永续地生存和发展。作为生态女性主义的倡导者格里塔·加德始终认为,生态女性主义不仅关乎女性主义和环境主义,还包括以此为前提来讨论环境恶化和社会不公等问题。加德的环境正义思想主要分为环境阶层正义、环境种族主义和环境动物主义三个层面;她的这些理念旨在不断减轻并最终消除人类对不同种族、不同阶层以及不同物种之间的压迫。她还认为环境正义也是源于道德关注,认为人类应该关怀陌生人和其他物种。最后以加德的《根,家园真相》一书为例,从作品中对环境污染、资源浪费和动物灭绝等生态问题的叙述,我们可以管窥加德环境正义思想的三个维度,这在生态环境问题日益显现的现代社会无疑具有重要的启示意义。

Environmental justice originated from ethical attention to environmental issues.Its essence is a reasonable burden and distribution of environmental responsibility and ecological benefits.It can be viewed as an extension and breakthrough of the concept of social justice.In essence,environmental justice is a concrete form of environmental ethics,and its core connotation is to uphold the basic standards such as justice and equality to coordinate the relationship between different groups,different species and nature,thereby ensuring that people and other species can live in harmony with nature and develop on a sustainable basis.As an advocate of eco?feminism,Greta Gaard has always believed that eco?feminism is not only about feminism and environmentalism,but also about environmental degradation and social injustice based on that premise.Gaard's thoughts on environmental justice can be divided into three levels:environmental class justice,environmental racism and environmental animalism.Her research aims to continuously reduce and ultimate eliminate the oppression of human on different races and different classes and that among different species.She always believes that environmental justice also stems from moral concerns that human beings should care for strangers and other species.Taking Gaard's book The Nature of Home as an example,we can take a look at Gaard's thoughts on environmental justice,which undoubtedly has important enlightenment significance in modern society where ecological and environmental problems are increasingly apparent.