主体与公理的辩证--以《华盖集》为中心看鲁迅对“公理”的态度

Dialectics of the Subject and the Axiom--Focusing on Hua Gai Ji and Discussing Lu Xun’s Attitude towards the"Axiom"

鲁迅对"公理"的反思在其留日时期(特别是在章太炎抵日后)即已产生。而1925年他与"《现代评论》派"知识分子们的论战则给了他在现实中检验其反公理思想的契机。"公理"逐渐为鲁迅捕获并树立为批判的对象,经历了这样一个过程:鲁迅对"布施尊敬"的反感、对"公允之言"的厌恶和对空洞"公理"的拒斥。"公理"既是空洞又是自相矛盾的,这一特点紧紧与鲁迅论敌的"局外人"态度联系在一起,因此"公理"是悬浮于主体之上的,而鲁迅主张抛却公理的外衣,赤裸地在"风沙"中斗争。但是,受到章太炎"齐物"思想影响的反公理思想在主体中却不能贯彻到底,"峻急"和"随便"在鲁迅思想中展开了辩证。

Lu Xun’s reflection on the "axioms" had already appeared during his study in Japan (especially after Zhang Taiyan arrived in Japan).In 1925,his debate with the "Modern Review" intellectuals gave him an opportunity to test his anti-axiom thinking in reality.It went through such a process when "Axiom" was gradually captured by Lu Xun and established as the object of criticism:it was from Lu Xun’s aversion to "giving respect",his aversion to "fair words" to the rejection of the empty "axioms".The "axiom" is both empty and self-contradictory.This feature was closely linked to the "outsider" attitude of Lu Xun’s debate opponents.Therefore,the "axioms" are suspended above the subject,and Lu Xun advocates abandoning the cloak of the axiom and fighting nakedly in the "wind and sand".However,the anti-axiom thought influenced by Zhang Taiyan’s "qiwu" thought could not be carried to the end in the subject,and "justicity" and "casualness" were dialectical in Lu Xun’s thought.