商系墓葬用牲初探

Preliminary Study of Animal Sacrifice among Shang Tombs

前言墓葬用牲[1]是商周时期墓葬中十分常见的一种葬俗,尤以商系墓葬最为普遍。以殷墟为例,墓室面积在3平方米以上的墓葬普遍用牲,在1969~1977年发掘的殷墟西区就发现300余座[2]。但与墓葬中的其他随葬品相比,目前对墓葬用牲的讨论并不多见。所见研究多集中在对各种用牲性质与意义的判定、用牲方式与等级的关系等几个方面;即便讨论不多,但综观各家观点,仍是歧见不一,如对墓内的兽腿一类用牲,称谓极不统一[3]。对用牲方式分类、用牲现象与特点分析的不足,或是造成这些分歧的主要原因。经过科学鉴定的墓葬用牲材料的匮乏导致难以直接分析动物遗存本身,更直接制约了相关研究的开展。

Animal sacrifice was a common practice among Shang and Zhou tombs,especially in Shang tombs,which always contain a variety of animal species.By means of contextualizing identified faunal remains from Shang tombs,this study classifies different types of animal sacrificial practices and discusses underlying patterns of choice of animal species during different stages of rituals processes.This research provides a basis for further study of animal sacrificial practice in mortuary contexts.