重构简约高效基层治理体系的中国经验——一个内外平衡机制改革的解释性框架

Reconstructing the Balanced Grassroots Governance Systems of Conciseness and Efficiency--an conceptual framework and its application in China

基层治理是国家治理的基础,建立简约高效的基层治理体系是党和国家国家机构改革的方向。作为基层治理核心的基层政权处于国家政权的末梢,自上而下的压力和自下而上反馈的缺失导致了基层治理的不平衡性。这种基层治理不平衡表现为治理能力与治理任务不匹配、治理专业性与治理技术不匹配、治理资源与治理需求不匹配,导致基层官员疲于应付、基层问题层出不穷和基层群众不满意等。针对基层治理的种种问题,北京市从吹哨报到的机制改革开始,系统推进街道改革、权责调整和共建共治共享治理格局,探索建立了一种内外平衡的简约高效基层治理体系:通过吹哨报到、街道改革和权责调整,建立自上而下和自下而上相平衡的内部基层治理体系;通过共建共享共治,建立国家主导和社会自治相平衡的外部基层治理体系。在建构平衡的基层治理体系中,党的领导和人民中心是基石,前者是平衡的领导者,后者是平衡的目的。

When the county is well governed,the whole country will be peaceful.Grassroots is the basis of national governance and constructing the concise and efficient grassroots governance is the future trend of institutional reforms of party and nation.As the core constituents of grassroots governance,grassroots regime is the ends of state regime and influenced the pressures of top down and demands of bottom up,which results in the imbalance of grassroots governance.The imbalance of grassroots governance is divided into three types,namely the mismatch between the governance tasks and governance ability,the mismatch between the professions of governance and the techniques of governance,the mismatch between the governance resources and governance demands,which produced the problems of dissatisfactory of street level bureaucrats and local citizens.As for the problems of grassroots governance,Capital city of China launched the mechanism reforms of“blow a whistle,report immediately”and prompted the systematic reforms of sub-district office,adjustments of power and responsibility,and formation of co-governance structure,which produced the inner and outer balanced grassroots governance systems.Through the“blow a whistle,report immediately”,sub-district office reforms,and adjustments of power and responsibility,capital city of China established an inner balanced grassroots governance systems of top-down and bottom-up mutual adaptation.Through the co-construction,co-sharing,and co-governance,capital city of China established a outer balanced grassroots governance systems of state domination and social self-governance.In establishing the balanced grassroots governance,party leadership and citizens-centered are the cornerstones of the systems.As for the former,they lead the balanced systems.As for the latter,they are objectives of systems.