唐代夫妻多人葬现象探析

An Analysis of the Phenomenon of a Husband and His Wives being Buried Together in the Tang Dynasty

多人葬是唐代夫妻合葬的主流形式,多发生于原配与继室均早于丈夫去世的情况下,体现了继室并嫡的礼法观念。在“尊父”的父权文化结构里,父子关系远重于母子关系,所以大多数多人葬墓志不会说明主丧的子女与原配和继室的关系。原配子嗣主丧的多人葬,通常是继子将继母与生母、父亲合葬到一起,墓志的行文比较注重母子情感的描述,体现了墓志在彰显母慈子孝礼仪教化方面的作用。继室子嗣主丧的多人葬往往是将生母与原配夫妻合葬到一起,但整个过程似乎并不顺利,透露出丧葬问题上前室与后室的名分之争。根据双人葬在唐后期呈上升的趋势推断,多人葬在唐后期呈下降的原因与多娶制下原配与继室同穴权的争夺有关。原配与继室能否都与丈夫合葬与主丧者对礼法的重视有密切关系。

In the Tang Dynasty,it was the mainstream form to bury a husband and his wives together,which reflected the concept of etiquette and law that both the original wife and the successive wives were the legal wife.This usually happened when the first wife and following wives are both earlier than husband's death.In the patriarchal cultural structure,the relationship between father and children was far more important than that between mother and children,so most of the epitaphs with multiple people buried together had not explain the relationship between the next generation who presided over the funeral and the original or successive wives of the buried.If the first wife's descendants presided over such funerals,they usually buried their stepmother together with their biological mother and father,and the epitaphs would pay more attention to the description of the emotion between the mother and the son,which also reflected the role of the epitaphs in highlighting the etiquette and education of motherhood and filial piety.The offspring of the following wife often buried the mother and the original couple together,but the whole process seemed to be not smooth,which also revealed the dispute on the status between the former and the latter in their funerals.Double burial showed an upward trend in the late Tang Dynasty,which could be inferred that the reason for the decline of multi-burials were related to the competitions for the right of burying in the same cave between the original wife and the successive wives under the multi marriage system.Whether the first wife and successive wives could be buried together with their common husband was closely related with whether the person who presided over the funeral attaches great importance to the law of rites.