卢梭的人性异化观和拯救路径探析

An Analysis of Rousseau’s Conception of Humanity Alienation and Salvation path

卢梭的人性思想呈现出悖逆启蒙主义潮流的特征。他认为自然状态下的人是善和幸福的,但是人的自由、可完善性特质和外界因素的共同作用却使得自然人偶然地进入社会状态,异化为了堕落的文明人。此种异化的明确表征就是自爱心转化为自尊心,最终结局即人失去整全的自我和幸福。因此为了弥合异化和实现人性的回归,卢梭同样以自然善作为镜子,从公共教育与公民、自然教育与社会中的自然人、自我教育与孤独的漫步者三个层面揭示了拯救的药方。卢梭对人性异化问题的这一审视路径同样对当时的启蒙思想和后世的现代性批判理论产生了深远的影响。

Rousseau's thought on humanity shows the characteristic of going against the trend of enlightenment.He believes that human in the state of nature were good and happy,but the combined action of human freedom,perfectibility and external factors made natural human accidentally entering the state of society and became degenerate and civilized human.The explicit characteristic of this alienation is the transformation from self-love to selfish,and the final result is the loss of the whole ego and happiness.Therefore,in order to overcome alienation and achieve the return of humanity,Rousseau also reveals the remedies of salvation from three aspects,namely,public education and citizen,natural education and natural person in society,introspection and solitary walker,based on the natural goodness.Rousseau's view of the problem of humanity alienation also has profound influence on the enlightenment and the later critical theories of modernity.