马克思技术二重性批判理论研究——基于《资本论》及相关手稿的文本考证

On Marx’s Critical Theory of Technical Duality--Based on the Textual Research of Das Kapital and Related Manuscripts

技术能够衡量生产力发展水平,是资本主义生产关系区别于以前社会生产关系的重要指标。正是得益于技术的创新与发展,《共产党宣言》给予了资产阶级政权统治极高的评价。技术本身是中性的,但当它被应用于资本主义生产过程,它就带有了显著的价值取向和特殊属性,《资本论》及相关手稿用了大量篇幅论述资本主义生产方式中的技术问题,特别是在唯物史观的指导下,马克思从物质内容和社会形式两个方面对技术范畴进行了二重性批判,不仅指出了技术对于商品生产积极性与消极性的统一,同时详细揭示了技术发展表面上有利于劳动力自由解放、实则不利于劳动力再生产的矛盾作用。任何一个社会都不能沉迷于技术拜物教,只有正视技术被谁所控为谁所用,才能科学驾驭技术并推动社会进步。

Technology can measure the level of productivity.It is also an important indicator that production relations in capitalist society differ from that of the previous societies.Just because benefiting from the innovation and development of the technology,the bourgeois regime got a high evaluation in The Communist Manifesto.Technology is neutral itself,but when it is applied in the process of capitalist production,it has remarkable value orientation and special characters.In Das Kapital and related manuscripts,there are plentiful analyses of the technical issues in the capitalist mode of production.Under the guidance of historical materialism,Marx particularly criticized the technical duality from the aspects of material content and social form.He not only pointed out the positivity and negativity of technology for the commodity production,but also revealed the contradictory role of technology in detail that on the surface it can help to liberate the workforce but in fact will harm the reproduction of labor force.No society should indulge in the fetishism of technology.Only after thinking through the question of who controls the technology and whom the technology serves for,can we use the technology scientifically to promote social progress.