国际规则的弱化:特朗普政府如何改变国际规则

The Weakening of International Rules:How the Trump Administration has Changed International Rules

特朗普上台执政以来,美国政府采取了不少对于国际秩序颇具冲击性的做法,美国与国际规则体系的关系发生了很大变化。对国际规则的广泛冲击是特朗普政府高度一致性的政策,其行为逻辑包括以“美国优先”为指导原则,改变原有的话语体系和“适当性逻辑”,不以盟友和对手作为政策区分的基本依据,强调获取明确可见的实际利益,在手段的使用上,通过广泛的极限施压等方式表现出与以往很大的不同。特朗普政府冲击国际规则体系的具体做法包括,对无益于美国的国际规则直接退出、对已经运行良好的协议进行再谈判、瘫痪已有国际组织的职能或降低其行动能力、在规则外自行其是等。特朗普政府的做法,造成国际体系中规则弱化的现象,对国际规则的长期有效性将产生深刻影响,并成为国际关系理论与实践中值得探讨的现象。

Since the Trump Administration took office,many actions of the American government have generated turmoil within the international order,and America’s relationship to the system of international rules has changed significantly.This widespread impact on international rules stems from the consistent policies of the Trump Administration.The notion of“America First”is the underlying logic of Trump’s policy approach.Under“America First”a logic of classifying states as allies and opponents has been replaced by a discourse which emphasizes clear and visible benefits,which are achieved through the consistent application of maximum pressure.The approach taken by the Trump Administration has shocked the system of international rules in several ways:the US has directly withdrawn from international rules that do not benefit the United States;has re-negotiated otherwise well-functioning agreements,thereby paralyzing or undermining the functions of international organizations;and the US has further acted outside normative frameworks to advance its interests.On the whole,the actions of the Trump Administration have weakened the role of rules within the international system,and over the long term,will have profound implications for the effectiveness of international rules.This issue has become a critical concern for both the theory and practice of international relations.